Educational Articles

Plantar fasciopathy

Siriphorn A, Eksakulkla S. Calf stretching and plantar fascia-specific stretching for plantar fasciitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2020;24(4):222-232. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.06.013
Huffer D, Hing W, Newton R, Clair M. Strength training for plantar fasciitis and the intrinsic foot musculature: A systematic review. Phys Ther Sport. 2017;24:44-52. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.08.008
Morrissey D, Cotchett M, J'Bari AS, et al. Management of plantar heel pain: a best practice guide informed by a systematic review, expert clinical reasoning and patient values. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(19):1106-1118. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101970
Hawke F, Burns J, Radford JA, du Toit V. Custom‐made foot orthoses for the treatment of foot pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(16 July). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006801.pub2
Riel H, Vicenzino B, Olesen JL, Jensen MB, Ehlers LH, Rathleff MS. Does a corticosteroid injection plus exercise or exercise alone add to the effect of patient advice and a heel cup for patients with plantar fasciopathy? A randomised clinical trial. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(18):1180-1186. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106948
Rhim HC, Kwon J, Park J, Borg-Stein J, Tenforde AS. A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews on the Epidemiology, Evaluation, and Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis. Life. 2021;11(12):1287. doi:10.3390/life11121287
Hamstra-Wright KL, Huxel Bliven KC, Aydemir B. Risk Factors for Plantar Fasciitis in Physically Active Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. AOSSM. 2021;13(3). doi:10.1177/1941738120970976
Latt LD, Jaffe DE, Taljanovic MS. Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis. Foot Ankle Orthop. 2020;Feb 13. doi:10.1177/2473011419896763
NHS. Plantar Fasciitis. February 7, 2022. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/plantar-fasciitis/. Accessed [5th of March 2024].
KOC TA JR., BISE CG, NEVILLE C, CARREIRA D, MARTIN RL, MCDONOUGH CM. Heel Pain – Plantar Fasciitis: Revision 2023. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2023;53(12):CPG1-CPG39. doi:10.2519/jospt.2023.0303

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Last Reviewed:

March 5, 2024

Last Updated:

March 15, 2024

Lateral elbow pain - Understanding lateral elbow tendinopathy

Buchanan BK, Varacallo M. Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow). In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; August 4, 2023.
Landesa-Piñeiro L, Leirós-Rodríguez R. Physiotherapy treatment of lateral epicondylitis: A systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2022;35(3):463-477. doi:10.3233/BMR-210053
Bisset LM, Vicenzino B. Physiotherapy management of lateral epicondylalgia. J Physiother. 2015;61(4):174-181. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2015.07.015
Lucado AM, Day JM, Vincent JI, et al. Lateral Elbow Pain and Muscle Function Impairments. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2022;52(12):CPG1-CPG111. doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.0302
Overview, Tennis elbow. NHS. 2020. Accessed: 18th of Jan 2024, Available: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tennis-elbow/
Johns N, Shridhar V. Lateral epicondylitis: Current concepts. Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;49(11):707-709. doi:10.31128/AJGP-07-20-5519
Hand and Forearm Overuse Disorders. Current Care Guidelines. Working group set up by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim and the Finnish Cardiac Society. Helsinki: The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, 2022 (referred Jan 18th, 2024). Available online at: www.kaypahoito.fi (In Finnish)

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Last Reviewed:

January 24, 2024

Last Updated:

January 24, 2024

Lateral ankle sprain

Bleakley CM, Glasgow P, MacAuley DC. PRICE needs updating, should we call the POLICE?. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(4):220-221. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090297
Doherty C, Bleakley C, Delahunt E, Holden S. Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(2):113-125. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096178
Ruiz-Sánchez FJ, Ruiz-Muñoz M, Martín-Martín J, et al. Management and treatment of ankle sprain according to clinical practice guidelines: A PRISMA systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(42):e31087. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000031087
Vuurberg G, Hoorntje A, Wink LM, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ankle sprains: update of an evidence-based clinical guideline. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(15):956. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098106
KNGF – Guideline. Acute ankle sprain – Practice guidelines. Supplement to the Dutch Journal of Physical Therapy KNGF-Guideline for Physical Therapy in patients with acute ankle sprain. Volume 116 / Issue 5 / 2006. Available: https://www.kngf.nl/binaries/content/assets/kennisplatform/onbeveiligd/guidelines/acute_ankle_sprain_practice_guidelines_2006.pdf
D'Hooghe P, Cruz F, Alkhelaifi K. Return to Play After a Lateral Ligament Ankle Sprain. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2020;13(3):281-288. doi:10.1007/s12178-020-09631-1
Stiell IG, Greenberg GH, McKnight RD, et al. Decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Refinement and prospective validation. JAMA. 1993;269(9):1127-1132. doi:10.1001/jama.269.9.1127
Bellows R, Wong CK. The Effect Of Bracing And Balance Training On Ankle Sprain Incidence Among Athletes: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2018;13(3):379-388.

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Last Reviewed:

January 11, 2024

Last Updated:

January 11, 2024

Frozen shoulder - Information and advice

Rangan et al (2020) Management of adults with primary Frozen Shoulder in secondary care (UK FROST): A mulitcentre. Pragmatic, three-arm, superiority randomised clinical trial. The Lancet, 396(10256).
Sahu et al. (2023) Frozen Shoulder after COVID-19 Vaccination versus Idiopathic Frozen Shoulder: Similar clinical features and functional improvement at 1-year follow-up. JES Reviews, reports and techniques. https://jsesreviewsreportstech.org/article/S2666-6391(23)00100-1/fulltext
Ascani et al (2021) Can adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder be a consequence of COVID-19? Case series of 12 patients. Jounral of shoulder and elbow surgery. 30(7)
Akbar, M., McLean, M., Garcia-Melchor, E., Crowe, L. A., McMillan, P., Fazzi, U. G., . . . Millar, N. L. (2019). Fibroblast activation and inflammation in Frozen Shoulder. PLoS ONE, 14(4)
Bowman, C. A., Jeffcoate, W. J., Pattrick, M., & Doherty, M. (1988). Bilateral adhesive capsulitis, oligoarthritis and proximal myopathy as presentation of hypothyroidism. British Journal of Rheumatology, 27(1), 62-64.
Bulgen, D., Hazleman, B., Ward, M., & M Callum, M. (1978). Immunological studies in Frozen Shoulder. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 37(2), 135-138.
Bunker, T. (2009). Time for a new name for Frozen Shoulder - contracture of the shoulder. Shoulder and Elbow, 1(1), 4-9. doi:D
Cho, C.-H., Song, K.-S., Kim, B.-S., Kim, D. H., & Lho, Y.-M. (2018). Biological Aspect of Pathophysiology for Frozen Shoulder. BioMed Research International.
Cohen, C., Tortato, S., Silva, O. B. S., Leal, M. F., Ejnisman, B., & Faloppa, F. (2020). Association between Frozen Shoulder and Thyroid Diseases: Strengthening the Evidences. Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo), 55(4), 483-489.
Date, A., & Rahman, L. (2020). Frozen Shoulder: overview of clinical presentation and review of the current evidence base for management strategies. Future science OA, 6(10),
de la Serna, D., Navarro-Ledesma, S., Alayón, F., López, E., & Pruimboom, L. (2021). A Comprehensive View of Frozen Shoulder: A Mystery Syndrome. Frontiers in Medicine, 8.
Dyer, B. P., Burton, C., Rathod-Mistry, T., Blagojevic-Bucknall, M., & van der Windt, D. A. (2021). Diabetes as a Prognostic Factor in Frozen Shoulder: A Systematic Review. Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation, 3(3)
ISAKOS Upper Extremity Committee. (2014). ISAKOS Upper Extremity Committee Consensus Statement: Shoulder Stiffness. In E. Itoi, G. Arce, G. Bain, R. Diercks, D. Guttmann, A. Imhoff, A. Mazzocca, H. Sugaya, & Y.-S. Yoo (Eds.), (pp. 235).
Itoi, E., Arce, G., Bain, G. I., Diercks, R. L., Guttmann, D., Imhoff, A. B., . . . Yoo, Y.-S. (2015). Shoulder Stiffness: Current concepts and concerns (E. Itoi, G. Arce, G. I. Bain, R. L. Diercks, D. Guttmann, A. B. Imhoff, A.D. Mazzocca, H. Sugaya, & Y.-S. Yoo Eds.): Springer.
Jones, S., Hanchard, N., Hamilton, S., & Rangan, A. (2013). A qualitative study of patients’ perceptions and priorities when living with primary Frozen Shoulder. BMJ Open, 3(9),
Juel, N. G., Brox, J. I., Brunborg, C., Holte, K. B., & Berg, T. J. (2017). Very High Prevalence of Frozen Shoulder in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes of ≥45 Years’ Duration: The Dialong Shoulder Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 98(8), 1551-1559.
Kehlet, S. N., Willumsen, N., Armbrecht, G., Dietzel, R., Brix, S., Henriksen, K., & Karsdal, M. A. (2018). Age-related collagen turnover of the interstitial matrix and basement membrane: Implications of age- and sex-dependent remodeling of the extracellular matrix. PLoS ONE, 13(3),
King, W. (2020). The lived experience of Frozen Shoulder: a phenomenonological interpretative analysis. Paper presented at the British Elbow and Shoulder Society (BESS) Conference, Online Conference.
King, W., & Hebron, C. (2022). Frozen Shoulder: living with uncertainty and being in “no-man’s land”. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 1-15.
Kingston, K., Curry, E. J., Galvin, J. W., & Li, X. (2018). Shoulder adhesive capsulitis: epidemiology and predictors of surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 27(8), 1437-1443.
Kraal, T., Lübbers, J., van den Bekerom, M. P. J., Alessie, J., van Kooyk, Y., Eygendaal, D., & Koorevaar, R. C. T. (2020). The puzzling pathophysiology of Frozen Shoulders – a scoping review. Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics, 7(1), 91.
Lundberg, B. J. (1969). The Frozen Shoulder. Clinical and radiographical observations. The effect of manipulation under general anesthesia. Structure and glycosaminoglycan content of the joint capsule. Local bone metabolism. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, Supplement, 119, 1-59.
Park, H. B., Gwark, J. Y., Kam, M., & Jung, J. (2020). Association between fasting glucose levels and adhesive capsulitis in a normoglycemic population: a case-control study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 29(11), 22402247.
Rai, S. K., Kashid, M., Chakrabarty, B., Upreti, V., & Shaki, O. (2019). Is it necessary to screen patient with adhesive capsulitis of shoulder for diabetes mellitus? Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(9), 2927-2932.
Rodeo, S. A., Hannafin, J. A., Tom, J., Warren, R. F., & Wickiewicz, T. L. (1997). Immunolocalization of cytokines and their receptors in adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 15(3), 427-436.
Smith, S. P., Devaraj, V. S., & Bunker, T. D. (2001). The association between Frozen Shoulder and Dupuytren’s disease. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 10(2), 149-151.
Usher, K. M., Zhu, S., Mavropalias, G., Carrino, J. A., Zhao, J., & Xu, J. (2019). Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic outlooks for arthrofibrosis. Bone Research, 7(1), 9.
Wong, C. K., Levine, W. N., Deo, K., Kesting, R. S., Mercer, E. A., Schram, G. A., & Strang, B. L. (2017). Natural history of Frozen Shoulder: fact or fiction? A systematic review. Physiotherapy, 103(1), 40-47.
Yian, E. H., Contreras, R., & Sodl, J. F. (2012). Effects of glycemic control on prevalence of diabetic Frozen Shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 94(10), 919-923.
Zreik, N. H., Malik, R. A., & Charalambous, C. P. (2016). Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder and diabetes: a metaanalysis of prevalence. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J, 6(1), 26-34.
Hanchard, N., Goodchild, L., Thompson, J., O’Brien, T., Richardson, C., & Watson, H. (2013). Evaluation of clinical guidelines for contracted (frozen) shoulder 12–18 months after publication. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 20(11), 543-549.
Hanchard, N. C., Goodchild, L., Thompson, J., O’Brien, T., Davison, D., & Richardson, C. (2012). Evidence-based clinical guidelines for the diagnosis, assessment and physiotherapy management of contracted (frozen) shoulder: quick reference summary. Physiotherapy, 98(2), 117-120.
Roberts, S., Dearne, R., Keen, S., Littlewood, C., Taylor, S., & Deacon, P. (2019). Routine X-rays for suspected Frozen Shoulder offer little over diagnosis based on history and clinical examination alone. Musculoskeletal Care, 17(2), 288-292.
Walmsley, S., Osmotherly, P. G., & Rivett, D. A. (2014a). Clinical identifiers for earlystage primary/idiopathic adhesive capsulitis: Are we seeing the real picture? Physical Therapy, 94(7), 968-976.
Walmsley, S., Osmotherly, P. G., & Rivett, D. A. (2014b). Movement and pain patterns in early stage primary/idiopathic adhesive capsulitis: A factor analysis. Physiotherapy, 100(4), 336-343.
Zuckerman, J. D., & Rokito, A. (2011). Frozen Shoulder: a consensus definition. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 20(2), 322-325.
Cavalleri, E., Servadio, A., Berardi, A. C., Tofani, M., & Galeoto, G. (2020). The effectiveness of physiotherapy in idiopathic or primary Frozen Shoulder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Muscle, Ligaments and Tendon Journal.
Favejee, M. M., Huisstede, B. M. A., & Koes, B. W. (2011). Frozen Shoulder: The effectiveness of conservative and surgical interventions-systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(1), 49-56.
Hanchard, N., Goodchild, L., Thompson, J., O’Brien, T., Davison, D., Richardson, C., . . . Scott, M. (2011). Evidence based clinical guidelines for the diagnosis, assessment and physiotherapy management of contracted Frozen Shoulder (Version 1.6, Standard Physiotherapy). Retrieved from Available www.csp.org.uk/skipp
Jain, T. K., & Sharma, N. K. (2014). The effectiveness of physiotherapeutic interventions in treatment of Frozen Shoulder/ adhesive capsulitis: a systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 27(3), 247-
Kelley, M. J., KMcClure, P. W., & Leggin, B. G. (2009). Frozen Shoulder: evidence and a proposed model guiding rehabilitation. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 39(2), 135-148.
Kelley, M. J., Shaffer, M. A., Kuhn, J. E., Michener, L. A., Seitz, A. L., Uhl, T. L., & McClure, P. W. (2013). Shoulder pain and mobility deficits: Adhesive capsulitis. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 43(5), A2-A31.
Lowe, C. M., Barrett, E., McCreesh, K., De Búrca, N., & Lewis, J. (2019). Clinical effectiveness of non-surgical interventions for primary Frozen Shoulder: A systematic review. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 51(8), 539-556.
Maund, E., Craig, D., Suekarran, S., Neilson, A. R., Wright, K., Brealey, S., . . . McDaid, C. (2012). Management of Frozen Shoulder: A systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technology Assessment, 16(11), 1-243.
Nakandala, P., Nanayakkara, I., Wadugodapitiya, S., & Gawarammana, I. (2021). The efficacy of physiotherapy interventions in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis: A systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 34(2), 195-205.
Noten, S., Meeus, M., Stassijns, G., Van Glabbeek, F., Verborgt, O., & Struyf, F. (2016). Efficacy of Different Types of Mobilization Techniques in Patients With Primary Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder: A Systematic Review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 97(5), 815-825.
Page, M. J., Green, S., Kramer, S., Johnston, R. V., McBain, B., & Buchbinder, R. (2014). Electrotherapy modalities for adhesive capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(10).
Vastamäki, H., Kettunen, J., & Vastamäki, M. (2012). The natural history of idiopathic Frozen Shoulder: a 2- to 27-year followup study. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 470(4), 1133-1143.
Rawat, P., Eapen, C., & Seema, K. P. (2017). Effect of rotator cuff strengthening as an adjunct to standard care in subjects with adhesive capsulitis: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Hand Therapy, 30(3), 235-241.e238.
Zavala-González, J., Pavez-Baeza, F., Gutiérrez-Espinoza, H., & Olguín-Huerta, C. (2018). The effectiveness of joint mobilization techniques for range of motion in adult patients with primary adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medwave, 18(5)

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Last Reviewed:

November 30, 2023

Last Updated:

November 30, 2023

Educational Articles -References

Plantar fasciopathy

Lateral elbow pain - Understanding lateral elbow tendinopathy

Lateral ankle sprain

Frozen shoulder - Information and advice

Educational Articles -
References