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References

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Everything you need to know about Quadriplegia

  • Adigun OO, Reddy V, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Back, Spinal Cord (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537004/). [Updated 2021 Aug 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Accessed 8/10/2022.
  • Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Models and Acute Injury Mechanisms (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439316/). Front Neurol. 2019 Mar 22;10:282. Accessed 8/10/2022.
  • Bennett J, M Das J, Emmady PD. Spinal Cord Injuries (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560721/). [Updated 2022 May 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Accessed 8/10/2022.
  • Concannon LG, Bhatti OM, Fry AL, Harrast MA. Emergency Assessment and Care of the Athlete. In: Mitra R, eds. Principles of Rehabilitation Medicine. McGraw Hill; 2019.
  • Developmental Diseases of the Nervous System. In: Ropper AH, Samuels MA, Klein JP, Prasad S, eds. Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology, 11e. McGraw Hill; 2019.
  • Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, Respiration, and Swallowing. In: Ropper AH, Samuels MA, Klein JP, Prasad S, eds. Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology, 11e. McGraw Hill; 2019.
  • Douglas VC, Aminoff MJ. Spinal Trauma. In: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW, McQuaid KR, eds. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2022. McGraw Hill; 2022.
  • Khan YS, Lui F. Neuroanatomy, Spinal Cord (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559056/). [Updated 2021 Jul 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Accessed 8/10/2022.
  • National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, Facts and Figures at a Glance. Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2021.
  • Oropello JM, Mistry N, Ullman JS. Spinal Injuries. In: Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Kress JP, eds. Principles of Critical Care, 4e. McGraw Hill; 2014.
  • Ellis M. 10 Tips for Coping with a Spinal Cord Injury. Spinal Cord Injury & Brain Injuries Resources & Legal Help. Accessed May 11, 2020.
  • Quadriparesis. Healthline. Accessed May 11, 2020.
  • Spinal cord injury. Mayo Clinic. Learn More Published September 17, 2019. Accessed May 11, 2020.
  • Spinal Cord Injury. AANS. Accessed May 11, 2020.

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Last Reviewed:

October 21, 2024

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Last Updated:

October 21, 2024

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Why Pilates is worth trying

  • Caldwell K, Harrison M, Adams M, Triplett NT. Effect ofPilates and taiji quan training on self-efficacy, sleep quality,mood, and physical performance of college students. Jour-nal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2009; 13(2):155-63.
  • Curi Pérez VS, Haas AN, Wolff SS. Analysis of activities inthe daily lives of older adults exposed to the Pilates Meth-od. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2014;18(3):326-31.
  • Golpaygani M, Mahdavi S, Moradi L. [The effects of apilates training program on the function and pain of pa-tients with disc herniation with lumbosciatalgia (Persian)].Journal of Exercise Science and Medicine. 2013; 5(1):41-53.
  • Rahimi D, et al. Effect of Pilates Exercises on the Function of Women With Lower Crossed Syndrome. PTJ. 2022; 12(4):269-278.
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Last Reviewed:

August 27, 2024

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Last Updated:

April 29, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Non-specific LBP (acute)

  • Oliveira, C.B., Maher, C.G., Pinto, R.Z. et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: an updated overview. Eur Spine J27, 2791–2803 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5673-2R.
  • Buchbinder, M. van Tulder, J. Öberg, G. Costa, and J. Woolf "Low back pain: A major global challenge" 2018.
  • D. Oliveira, L. Maher, C. Pinto, R. Traeger, and J. Lin. "Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: An updated overview". 2018.
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Last Reviewed:

July 16, 2024

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Last Updated:

July 16, 2024

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Management of energy levels after COVID-19

  • P. Stavem, J. Ghanima, K. Olsen, M. Gilboe, and H. Einvik. "Post-COVID-19 syndrome: the persistent symptoms at 6 and 12 months" 2021.
  • M. Taylor, S. Elhassan, A. Fitzsimons, D. Barber, and K. McCarthy. "Managing long COVID fatigue: Insights from a study of patients' experiences" 2021.
  • S. Shepherd and B. Shepherd. "Post-viral fatigue syndrome: a review" 2020.
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Last Reviewed:

July 16, 2024

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Last Updated:

July 16, 2024

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence: