Educational Articles -
References
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What to expect after a total shoulder replacement
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Joint replacement (primary): hip, knee and shoulder. NICE guideline [NG157]. Published June 4, 2020. Accessed [5th of Feb 2024]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng157
- Eichinger JK, Galvin JW. Management of complications after total shoulder arthroplasty. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2015;8(1):83-91. doi:10.1007/s12178-014-9251-x
- Lewis T, Garg S. Shoulder Replacement. James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; February 2021. Accessed [5th of Feb 2024]. https://www.jpaget.nhs.uk/media/552943/Shoulder-Replacement.pdf
- Coxa Hospital. Patient Guide: Shoulder Arthroplasty. Published November 20, 2018. Accessed [5th of Feb 2024]. [https://www.coxa.fi/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Coxa_Olkapääopas-20-11-2018_SUOMI.pdf]
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Last Reviewed:
March 19, 2024
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Trochanteric bursitis
- Pumarejo Gomez L, Li D, Childress JM. Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome (Greater Trochanteric Bursitis) [Updated 2024 Feb 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557433/
- Nurkovic J, Jovasevic L, Konicanin A, Bajin Z, Ilic KP, Grbovic V, Skevin AJ, Dolicanin Z. Treatment of trochanteric bursitis: our experience. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016 Jul;28(7):2078-81. doi: 10.1589/jpts.28.2078. Epub 2016 Jul 29. PMID: 27512268; PMCID: PMC4968510.
- Rowand M, Chambliss ML, Mackler L. Clinical inquiries. How should you treat trochanteric bursitis? J Fam Pract. 2009 Sep;58(9):494-500. PMID: 19744419.
- Lustenberger DP, Ng VY, Best TM, Ellis TJ. Efficacy of treatment of trochanteric bursitis: a systematic review. Clin J Sport Med. 2011 Sep;21(5):447-53. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e318221299c. PMID: 21814140; PMCID: PMC3689218.
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Last Reviewed:
March 28, 2025
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Physical activity and pain
- González-Iglesias, M.; Martínez-Benito, A.; López-Vidal, J.A.; Melis-Romeu, A.; Gómez-Rabadán, D.J.; Reina-Varona, Á.; Di-Bonaventura, S.; La Touche, R.; Fierro-Marrero, J. Understanding Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia: An Umbrella Review of Scientific Evidence and Qualitative Content Analysis. Medicina2025, 61, 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61030401
- Polaski AM, Phelps AL, Kostek MC, Szucs KA, Kolber BJ. Exercise-induced hypoalgesia: A meta-analysis of exercise dosing for the treatment of chronic pain. PLoS One. 2019 Jan 9;14(1):e0210418. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210418. PMID: 30625201; PMCID: PMC6326521.
- Wewege MA, Jones MD. Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia in Healthy Individuals and People With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pain. 2021 Jan;22(1):21-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2020.04.003. Epub 2020 Jun 26. PMID: 32599154.
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Last Reviewed:
April 3, 2025
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Pelvic Floor Health
- Wallace SL, Miller LD, Mishra K. Pelvic floor physical therapy in the treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction in women. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Dec;31(6):485-493. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000584. PMID: 31609735.
- Raizada V, Mittal RK. Pelvic floor anatomy and applied physiology. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008 Sep;37(3):493-509, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2008.06.003. PMID: 18793993; PMCID: PMC2617789.
- Vaz CT, Sampaio RF, Saltiel F, Figueiredo EM. Effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training and bladder training for women with urinary incontinence in primary care: a pragmatic controlled trial. Braz J Phys Ther. 2019 Mar-Apr;23(2):116-124. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.01.007. Epub 2019 Jan 19. PMID: 30704906; PMCID: PMC6428909.
- Cho ST, Kim KH. Pelvic floor muscle exercise and training for coping with urinary incontinence. J Exerc Rehabil. 2021 Dec 27;17(6):379-387. doi: 10.12965/jer.2142666.333. PMID: 35036386; PMCID: PMC8743604.
- Szumilewicz A, Dornowski M, Piernicka M, Worska A, Kuchta A, Kortas J, Błudnicka M, Radzimiński Ł, Jastrzębski Z. High-Low Impact Exercise Program Including Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises Improves Pelvic Floor Muscle Function in Healthy Pregnant Women - A Randomized Control Trial. Front Physiol. 2019 Jan 30;9:1867. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01867. PMID: 30761019; PMCID: PMC6363702.
- Radzimińska A, Strączyńska A, Weber-Rajek M, Styczyńska H, Strojek K, Piekorz Z. The impact of pelvic floor muscle training on the quality of life of women with urinary incontinence: a systematic literature review. Clin Interv Aging. 2018 May 17;13:957-965. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S160057. PMID: 29844662; PMCID: PMC5962309.
- Menezes EC, da Silva Pereira F, Porto RM, Fank F, Mazo GZ. Effect of exercise on female pelvic floor morphology and muscle function: a systematic review. Int Urogynecol J. 2023 May;34(5):963-977. doi: 10.1007/ s00192-022-05375-3. Epub 2022 Oct 7. Erratum in: Int Urogynecol J. 2023 May;34(5):979-980. doi: 10.1007/ s00192-023-05521-5. PMID: 36205725.
- Jorge, J., & Bustamante-Lopez, L. (2022). Pelvic floor anatomy. Annals Of Laparoscopic And Endoscopic Surgery, 7. doi:10.21037/ales-2022-06
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Last Reviewed:
March 10, 2025
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
