Educational Articles -
References
Calf strain
- Maffulli N, Del Buono A, Oliva F, Giai Via A, Frizziero A, Barazzuol M, Brancaccio P, Freschi M, Galletti S, Lisitano G, Melegati G, Nanni G, Pasta G, Ramponi C, Rizzo D, Testa V, Valent A. Muscle Injuries: A Brief Guide to Classification and Management. Transl Med UniSa. 2014 Sep 1;12:14-8. PMID: 26535183; PMCID: PMC4592039.
- Hsu D, Chang KV. Gastrocnemius Strain. [Updated 2023 Aug 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534766/
- Green B, Pizzari T. Calf muscle strain injuries in sport: a systematic review of risk factors for injury. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2017;51:1189-1194.
- Green, B., McClelland, J.A., Semciw, A.I. et al. The Assessment, Management and Prevention of Calf Muscle Strain Injuries: A Qualitative Study of the Practices and Perspectives of 20 Expert Sports Clinicians. Sports Med - Open8, 10 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-021-00364-0
Last Reviewed:
December 16, 2024
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Activity pacing
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain. Therapist Manual. Jennifer L. Murphy, Ph.D. & John D. McKellar, Ph.D. • Susan D. Raffa, Ph.D. • Michael E. Clark, Ph.D. Robert D. Kerns, Ph.D. • Bradley E. Karlin, Ph.D.
- Muratori LM, Lamberg EM, Quinn L, Duff SV. Applying principles of motor learning and control to upper extremity rehabilitation. J Hand Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun;26(2):94-102; quiz 103. doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2012.12.007. PMID: 23598082; PMCID: PMC3773509.
- Activity pacing: moving beyond taking breaks and slowing down Deborah Antcliff, Philip Keeley, Malcolm Campbell, Steve Woby, Anne‐Maree Keenan, Linda McGowan. Quality of Life Research (2018) 27:1933–1935 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1794-7
Last Reviewed:
December 19, 2024
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Non-specific LBP (acute)
- Oliveira, C.B., Maher, C.G., Pinto, R.Z. et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: an updated overview. Eur Spine J27, 2791–2803 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5673-2R.
- Buchbinder, M. van Tulder, J. Öberg, G. Costa, and J. Woolf "Low back pain: A major global challenge" 2018.
- D. Oliveira, L. Maher, C. Pinto, R. Traeger, and J. Lin. "Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: An updated overview". 2018.
Last Reviewed:
July 16, 2024
|
Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Nutrition after COVID-19
- D.A. Greenhalgh, A. Knight, M. A’Court, P. Buxton, and C. Husain. "Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome" 2020.
- F. Muscaritoli, F. Anker, S. Argilés, Z. Aversa, and E. Bauer. "Nutritional management of patients during and after COVID-19 illness" 2021.
- R. Barazzoni, S. Bischoff, M. Boirie, C. Cederholm, and A. Chourdakis. "Nutritional care of COVID-19 patients: A position paper from the ESPEN" 2020.
Last Reviewed:
July 16, 2024
|
Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
