Educational Articles -
References

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Concussion - Anxiety and mood

  • Leddy JJ, Baker JG, Merchant A, Picano J, Gaile D, Matuszak J, et al. "Brain or strain? Symptoms alone do not distinguish physiologic concussion from cervical/vestibular injury." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2015;25(3):237–42.
  • Zemek R, Barrowman N, Freedman SB, Gravel J, Gagnon I, McGahern C, et al. "Clinical risk score for persistent postconcussion symptoms among children with acute concussion in the ED." JAMA. 2016;315(10):1014–25.
  • Mayo Clinic. "Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) - Symptoms and causes.", 2023.
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Last Reviewed:

July 16, 2024

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Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Lateral ankle sprain

  • Bleakley CM, Glasgow P, MacAuley DC. PRICE needs updating, should we call the POLICE?. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(4):220-221. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090297
  • Doherty C, Bleakley C, Delahunt E, Holden S. Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(2):113-125. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096178
  • Ruiz-Sánchez FJ, Ruiz-Muñoz M, Martín-Martín J, et al. Management and treatment of ankle sprain according to clinical practice guidelines: A PRISMA systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(42):e31087. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000031087
  • Vuurberg G, Hoorntje A, Wink LM, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ankle sprains: update of an evidence-based clinical guideline. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(15):956. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098106
  • KNGF – Guideline. Acute ankle sprain – Practice guidelines. Supplement to the Dutch Journal of Physical Therapy KNGF-Guideline for Physical Therapy in patients with acute ankle sprain. Volume 116 / Issue 5 / 2006. Available: https://www.kngf.nl/binaries/content/assets/kennisplatform/onbeveiligd/guidelines/acute_ankle_sprain_practice_guidelines_2006.pdf
  • D'Hooghe P, Cruz F, Alkhelaifi K. Return to Play After a Lateral Ligament Ankle Sprain. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2020;13(3):281-288. doi:10.1007/s12178-020-09631-1
  • Stiell IG, Greenberg GH, McKnight RD, et al. Decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Refinement and prospective validation. JAMA. 1993;269(9):1127-1132. doi:10.1001/jama.269.9.1127
  • Bellows R, Wong CK. The Effect Of Bracing And Balance Training On Ankle Sprain Incidence Among Athletes: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2018;13(3):379-388.
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Last Reviewed:

January 11, 2024

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Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Preoperative: Total shoulder replacement

  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Joint replacement (primary): hip, knee and shoulder. NICE guideline [NG157]. Published June 4, 2020. Accessed [5th of Feb 2024]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng157
  • Eichinger JK, Galvin JW. Management of complications after total shoulder arthroplasty. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2015;8(1):83-91. doi:10.1007/s12178-014-9251-x
  • Fenske, F., Kujat, B., Krause, L. et al. Preoperative dental screening can reduce periprosthetic infections of hip and knee endoprostheses in the first month after surgery: results of a cohort study. Infection (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-023-02128-2
  • Lewis T, Garg S. Shoulder Replacement. James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; February 2021. Accessed [5th of Feb 2024]. https://www.jpaget.nhs.uk/media/552943/Shoulder-Replacement.pdf
  • Coxa Hospital. Patient Guide: Shoulder Arthroplasty. Published November 20, 2018. Accessed [5th  of Feb 2024]. [https://www.coxa.fi/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Coxa_Olkapääopas-20-11-2018_SUOMI.pdf]
  • American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons/ American Dental Association Prevention of Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Patients Undergoing Dental Procedures Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline.  https://www.aaos.org/dentalcpg   Published December 12, 2012. Accessed March 07, 2024
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Last Reviewed:

March 19, 2024

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Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Everything you need to know about Quadriplegia

  • Adigun OO, Reddy V, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Back, Spinal Cord (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537004/). [Updated 2021 Aug 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Accessed 8/10/2022.
  • Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Models and Acute Injury Mechanisms (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439316/). Front Neurol. 2019 Mar 22;10:282. Accessed 8/10/2022.
  • Bennett J, M Das J, Emmady PD. Spinal Cord Injuries (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560721/). [Updated 2022 May 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Accessed 8/10/2022.
  • Concannon LG, Bhatti OM, Fry AL, Harrast MA. Emergency Assessment and Care of the Athlete. In: Mitra R, eds. Principles of Rehabilitation Medicine. McGraw Hill; 2019.
  • Developmental Diseases of the Nervous System. In: Ropper AH, Samuels MA, Klein JP, Prasad S, eds. Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology, 11e. McGraw Hill; 2019.
  • Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, Respiration, and Swallowing. In: Ropper AH, Samuels MA, Klein JP, Prasad S, eds. Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology, 11e. McGraw Hill; 2019.
  • Douglas VC, Aminoff MJ. Spinal Trauma. In: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW, McQuaid KR, eds. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2022. McGraw Hill; 2022.
  • Khan YS, Lui F. Neuroanatomy, Spinal Cord (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559056/). [Updated 2021 Jul 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Accessed 8/10/2022.
  • National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, Facts and Figures at a Glance. Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2021.
  • Oropello JM, Mistry N, Ullman JS. Spinal Injuries. In: Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Kress JP, eds. Principles of Critical Care, 4e. McGraw Hill; 2014.
  • Ellis M. 10 Tips for Coping with a Spinal Cord Injury. Spinal Cord Injury & Brain Injuries Resources & Legal Help. Accessed May 11, 2020.
  • Quadriparesis. Healthline. Accessed May 11, 2020.
  • Spinal cord injury. Mayo Clinic. Learn More Published September 17, 2019. Accessed May 11, 2020.
  • Spinal Cord Injury. AANS. Accessed May 11, 2020.

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Last Reviewed:

October 21, 2024

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Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence: