Educational Articles -
References
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Dealing with stress
- Everly GS Jr, Lating JM. "Stress and its management: A practical guide" 2013.
- Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Sinha R. ”The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise" 2014.
- Reeve KL, Shumaker CJ, Yearwood EL, Crowell NA, Riley JB. "Stress management interventions for nursing students: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials" 2013.
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Last Reviewed:
July 16, 2024
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Concussion - Mindfullness
- Silverberg ND, Iverson GL. "Etiology of the post-concussion syndrome: physiogenesis and psychogenesis revisited." NeuroRehabilitation. 2011;29(4):317–29.
- Mayo Clinic. "Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) - Symptoms and causes.", 2023.
- Varner C, Thompson C, de Wit K, Borgundvaag B, Houston R, McLeod S. "Predictors of persistent concussion symptoms in adults with acute mild traumatic brain injury presenting to the emergency department." CJEM. 2021;23(3):365–73.
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Last Reviewed:
July 16, 2024
|
Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
5 tips before your total shoulder replacement operation
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Joint replacement (primary): hip, knee and shoulder. NICE guideline [NG157]. Published June 4, 2020. Accessed [5th of Feb 2024]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng157
- Eichinger JK, Galvin JW. Management of complications after total shoulder arthroplasty. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2015;8(1):83-91. doi:10.1007/s12178-014-9251-x
- Fenske, F., Kujat, B., Krause, L. et al. Preoperative dental screening can reduce periprosthetic infections of hip and knee endoprostheses in the first month after surgery: results of a cohort study. Infection (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-023-02128-2
- Lewis T, Garg S. Shoulder Replacement. James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; February 2021. Accessed [5th of Feb 2024]. https://www.jpaget.nhs.uk/media/552943/Shoulder-Replacement.pdf
- Coxa Hospital. Patient Guide: Shoulder Arthroplasty. Published November 20, 2018. Accessed [5th of Feb 2024]. [https://www.coxa.fi/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Coxa_Olkapääopas-20-11-2018_SUOMI.pdf]
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Last Reviewed:
March 13, 2024
|
Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Frozen shoulder - Information and advice
- Rangan et al (2020) Management of adults with primary Frozen Shoulder in secondary care (UK FROST): A mulitcentre. Pragmatic, three-arm, superiority randomised clinical trial. The Lancet, 396(10256).
- Sahu et al. (2023) Frozen Shoulder after COVID-19 Vaccination versus Idiopathic Frozen Shoulder: Similar clinical features and functional improvement at 1-year follow-up. JES Reviews, reports and techniques. https://jsesreviewsreportstech.org/article/S2666-6391(23)00100-1/fulltext
- Ascani et al (2021) Can adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder be a consequence of COVID-19? Case series of 12 patients. Jounral of shoulder and elbow surgery. 30(7)
- Akbar, M., McLean, M., Garcia-Melchor, E., Crowe, L. A., McMillan, P., Fazzi, U. G., . . . Millar, N. L. (2019). Fibroblast activation and inflammation in Frozen Shoulder. PLoS ONE, 14(4)
- Bowman, C. A., Jeffcoate, W. J., Pattrick, M., & Doherty, M. (1988). Bilateral adhesive capsulitis, oligoarthritis and proximal myopathy as presentation of hypothyroidism. British Journal of Rheumatology, 27(1), 62-64.
- Bulgen, D., Hazleman, B., Ward, M., & M Callum, M. (1978). Immunological studies in Frozen Shoulder. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 37(2), 135-138.
- Bunker, T. (2009). Time for a new name for Frozen Shoulder - contracture of the shoulder. Shoulder and Elbow, 1(1), 4-9. doi:D
- Cho, C.-H., Song, K.-S., Kim, B.-S., Kim, D. H., & Lho, Y.-M. (2018). Biological Aspect of Pathophysiology for Frozen Shoulder. BioMed Research International.
- Cohen, C., Tortato, S., Silva, O. B. S., Leal, M. F., Ejnisman, B., & Faloppa, F. (2020). Association between Frozen Shoulder and Thyroid Diseases: Strengthening the Evidences. Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo), 55(4), 483-489.
- Date, A., & Rahman, L. (2020). Frozen Shoulder: overview of clinical presentation and review of the current evidence base for management strategies. Future science OA, 6(10),
- de la Serna, D., Navarro-Ledesma, S., Alayón, F., López, E., & Pruimboom, L. (2021). A Comprehensive View of Frozen Shoulder: A Mystery Syndrome. Frontiers in Medicine, 8.
- Dyer, B. P., Burton, C., Rathod-Mistry, T., Blagojevic-Bucknall, M., & van der Windt, D. A. (2021). Diabetes as a Prognostic Factor in Frozen Shoulder: A Systematic Review. Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation, 3(3)
- ISAKOS Upper Extremity Committee. (2014). ISAKOS Upper Extremity Committee Consensus Statement: Shoulder Stiffness. In E. Itoi, G. Arce, G. Bain, R. Diercks, D. Guttmann, A. Imhoff, A. Mazzocca, H. Sugaya, & Y.-S. Yoo (Eds.), (pp. 235).
- Itoi, E., Arce, G., Bain, G. I., Diercks, R. L., Guttmann, D., Imhoff, A. B., . . . Yoo, Y.-S. (2015). Shoulder Stiffness: Current concepts and concerns (E. Itoi, G. Arce, G. I. Bain, R. L. Diercks, D. Guttmann, A. B. Imhoff, A.D. Mazzocca, H. Sugaya, & Y.-S. Yoo Eds.): Springer.
- Jones, S., Hanchard, N., Hamilton, S., & Rangan, A. (2013). A qualitative study of patients’ perceptions and priorities when living with primary Frozen Shoulder. BMJ Open, 3(9),
- Juel, N. G., Brox, J. I., Brunborg, C., Holte, K. B., & Berg, T. J. (2017). Very High Prevalence of Frozen Shoulder in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes of ≥45 Years’ Duration: The Dialong Shoulder Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 98(8), 1551-1559.
- Kehlet, S. N., Willumsen, N., Armbrecht, G., Dietzel, R., Brix, S., Henriksen, K., & Karsdal, M. A. (2018). Age-related collagen turnover of the interstitial matrix and basement membrane: Implications of age- and sex-dependent remodeling of the extracellular matrix. PLoS ONE, 13(3),
- King, W. (2020). The lived experience of Frozen Shoulder: a phenomenonological interpretative analysis. Paper presented at the British Elbow and Shoulder Society (BESS) Conference, Online Conference.
- King, W., & Hebron, C. (2022). Frozen Shoulder: living with uncertainty and being in “no-man’s land”. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 1-15.
- Kingston, K., Curry, E. J., Galvin, J. W., & Li, X. (2018). Shoulder adhesive capsulitis: epidemiology and predictors of surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 27(8), 1437-1443.
- Kraal, T., Lübbers, J., van den Bekerom, M. P. J., Alessie, J., van Kooyk, Y., Eygendaal, D., & Koorevaar, R. C. T. (2020). The puzzling pathophysiology of Frozen Shoulders – a scoping review. Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics, 7(1), 91.
- Lundberg, B. J. (1969). The Frozen Shoulder. Clinical and radiographical observations. The effect of manipulation under general anesthesia. Structure and glycosaminoglycan content of the joint capsule. Local bone metabolism. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, Supplement, 119, 1-59.
- Park, H. B., Gwark, J. Y., Kam, M., & Jung, J. (2020). Association between fasting glucose levels and adhesive capsulitis in a normoglycemic population: a case-control study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 29(11), 22402247.
- Rai, S. K., Kashid, M., Chakrabarty, B., Upreti, V., & Shaki, O. (2019). Is it necessary to screen patient with adhesive capsulitis of shoulder for diabetes mellitus? Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(9), 2927-2932.
- Rodeo, S. A., Hannafin, J. A., Tom, J., Warren, R. F., & Wickiewicz, T. L. (1997). Immunolocalization of cytokines and their receptors in adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 15(3), 427-436.
- Smith, S. P., Devaraj, V. S., & Bunker, T. D. (2001). The association between Frozen Shoulder and Dupuytren’s disease. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 10(2), 149-151.
- Usher, K. M., Zhu, S., Mavropalias, G., Carrino, J. A., Zhao, J., & Xu, J. (2019). Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic outlooks for arthrofibrosis. Bone Research, 7(1), 9.
- Wong, C. K., Levine, W. N., Deo, K., Kesting, R. S., Mercer, E. A., Schram, G. A., & Strang, B. L. (2017). Natural history of Frozen Shoulder: fact or fiction? A systematic review. Physiotherapy, 103(1), 40-47.
- Yian, E. H., Contreras, R., & Sodl, J. F. (2012). Effects of glycemic control on prevalence of diabetic Frozen Shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 94(10), 919-923.
- Zreik, N. H., Malik, R. A., & Charalambous, C. P. (2016). Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder and diabetes: a metaanalysis of prevalence. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J, 6(1), 26-34.
- Hanchard, N., Goodchild, L., Thompson, J., O’Brien, T., Richardson, C., & Watson, H. (2013). Evaluation of clinical guidelines for contracted (frozen) shoulder 12–18 months after publication. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 20(11), 543-549.
- Hanchard, N. C., Goodchild, L., Thompson, J., O’Brien, T., Davison, D., & Richardson, C. (2012). Evidence-based clinical guidelines for the diagnosis, assessment and physiotherapy management of contracted (frozen) shoulder: quick reference summary. Physiotherapy, 98(2), 117-120.
- Roberts, S., Dearne, R., Keen, S., Littlewood, C., Taylor, S., & Deacon, P. (2019). Routine X-rays for suspected Frozen Shoulder offer little over diagnosis based on history and clinical examination alone. Musculoskeletal Care, 17(2), 288-292.
- Walmsley, S., Osmotherly, P. G., & Rivett, D. A. (2014a). Clinical identifiers for earlystage primary/idiopathic adhesive capsulitis: Are we seeing the real picture? Physical Therapy, 94(7), 968-976.
- Walmsley, S., Osmotherly, P. G., & Rivett, D. A. (2014b). Movement and pain patterns in early stage primary/idiopathic adhesive capsulitis: A factor analysis. Physiotherapy, 100(4), 336-343.
- Zuckerman, J. D., & Rokito, A. (2011). Frozen Shoulder: a consensus definition. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 20(2), 322-325.
- Cavalleri, E., Servadio, A., Berardi, A. C., Tofani, M., & Galeoto, G. (2020). The effectiveness of physiotherapy in idiopathic or primary Frozen Shoulder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Muscle, Ligaments and Tendon Journal.
- Favejee, M. M., Huisstede, B. M. A., & Koes, B. W. (2011). Frozen Shoulder: The effectiveness of conservative and surgical interventions-systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(1), 49-56.
- Hanchard, N., Goodchild, L., Thompson, J., O’Brien, T., Davison, D., Richardson, C., . . . Scott, M. (2011). Evidence based clinical guidelines for the diagnosis, assessment and physiotherapy management of contracted Frozen Shoulder (Version 1.6, Standard Physiotherapy). Retrieved from Available www.csp.org.uk/skipp
- Jain, T. K., & Sharma, N. K. (2014). The effectiveness of physiotherapeutic interventions in treatment of Frozen Shoulder/ adhesive capsulitis: a systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 27(3), 247-
- Kelley, M. J., KMcClure, P. W., & Leggin, B. G. (2009). Frozen Shoulder: evidence and a proposed model guiding rehabilitation. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 39(2), 135-148.
- Kelley, M. J., Shaffer, M. A., Kuhn, J. E., Michener, L. A., Seitz, A. L., Uhl, T. L., & McClure, P. W. (2013). Shoulder pain and mobility deficits: Adhesive capsulitis. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 43(5), A2-A31.
- Lowe, C. M., Barrett, E., McCreesh, K., De Búrca, N., & Lewis, J. (2019). Clinical effectiveness of non-surgical interventions for primary Frozen Shoulder: A systematic review. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 51(8), 539-556.
- Maund, E., Craig, D., Suekarran, S., Neilson, A. R., Wright, K., Brealey, S., . . . McDaid, C. (2012). Management of Frozen Shoulder: A systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technology Assessment, 16(11), 1-243.
- Nakandala, P., Nanayakkara, I., Wadugodapitiya, S., & Gawarammana, I. (2021). The efficacy of physiotherapy interventions in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis: A systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 34(2), 195-205.
- Noten, S., Meeus, M., Stassijns, G., Van Glabbeek, F., Verborgt, O., & Struyf, F. (2016). Efficacy of Different Types of Mobilization Techniques in Patients With Primary Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder: A Systematic Review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 97(5), 815-825.
- Page, M. J., Green, S., Kramer, S., Johnston, R. V., McBain, B., & Buchbinder, R. (2014). Electrotherapy modalities for adhesive capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(10).
- Vastamäki, H., Kettunen, J., & Vastamäki, M. (2012). The natural history of idiopathic Frozen Shoulder: a 2- to 27-year followup study. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 470(4), 1133-1143.
- Rawat, P., Eapen, C., & Seema, K. P. (2017). Effect of rotator cuff strengthening as an adjunct to standard care in subjects with adhesive capsulitis: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Hand Therapy, 30(3), 235-241.e238.
- Zavala-González, J., Pavez-Baeza, F., Gutiérrez-Espinoza, H., & Olguín-Huerta, C. (2018). The effectiveness of joint mobilization techniques for range of motion in adult patients with primary adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medwave, 18(5)
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Last Reviewed:
November 30, 2023
|
Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
