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Sciatica

  • Low back pain. Current Care Guidelines. Working group set up by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim and the Finnish Association of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Helsinki: The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim; 2017. Accessed [January 31, 2024].  Available online at: www.kaypahoito.fi
  • Furlong B et al. Patient education materials for non-specific low back pain and sciatica: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(10):e0274527. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274527
  • Lee J et al. Low back and radicular pain: a pathway for care developed by the British Pain Society. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(1):112-120. doi:10.1093/bja/aet172
  • Konstantinou K et al. Prognosis of sciatica and back-related leg pain in primary care: the ATLAS cohort. Spine J. 2018;18(6):1030-1040. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2017.10.071
  • Dahm KT et al. Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acute low-back pain and sciatica. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(6):CD007612. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007612.pub2
  • Dove L et al. How effective are physiotherapy interventions in treating people with sciatica? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2023;32:517–533. doi:10.1007/s00586-022-07356-y
  • Fernandez MM et al. Advice to Stay Active or Structured Exercise in the Management of Sciatica A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Spine. 2015;40(18):1457-1466. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001036
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management. NICE Guideline [NG59]. Published November 30, 2016. Last updated December 11, 2020. Accessed [January 31, 2024]. Available online at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng59
  • Suri P et al. Recurrence of Pain After Usual Nonoperative Care for Symptomatic Lumbar Disk Herniation: Analysis of Data From the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial. PM R. 2016;8(5):405-414. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.10.016
  • Lewis RA et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness of management strategies for sciatica: systematic review and network meta-analyses. Spine J. 2015;15(6):1461-1477. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2013.08.049
  • Bastos RM et al. Treatment-based classification for low back pain: systematic review with meta-analysis. J Man Manip Ther. 2022;30(4):207–227. doi:10.1080/10669817.2021.2024677
  • Ogollah R et al. Determining One-Year Trajectories of Low-Back-Related Leg Pain in Primary Care Patients: Growth Mixture Modeling of a Prospective Cohort Study. Arthritis Care Res. 2018;70(12):DOI:10.1002/acr.23556
  • Ostelo RWJG. Physiotherapy management of sciatica. J Physiother. 2020;66(2):83-88. DOI: 1[0.1016/j.jphys.2020.03.005]
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Last Reviewed:

March 15, 2024

|

Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Shoulder instability

  • Jaggi A, Alexander S. Rehabilitation for Shoulder Instability - Current Approaches. Open Orthop J. 2017 Aug 31;11:957-971. doi: 10.2174/1874325001711010957. PMID: 28979601; PMCID: PMC5611703.
  • Jobe FW, Moynes DR, Brewster CE. Rehabilitation of shoulder joint instabilities. Orthop Clin North Am. 1987 Jul;18(3):473-82. PMID: 3441367.
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Last Reviewed:

March 28, 2025

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Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Ankle arthroscopy

  • Aggarwal A, Adie S, Harris IA, Naylor J. Cryotherapy following total knee replacement. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD007911. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007911.pub3.
  • Liljensøe A, Laursen JO, Bliddal H, Søballe K, Mechlenburg I. Weight Loss Intervention Before Total Knee Replacement: A 12-Month Randomized Controlled Trial. Scand J Surg. 2021 Mar;110(1):3-12. doi: 10.1177/1457496919883812. Epub 2019 Nov 3. PMID: 31679465.
  • Haykal T, Kheiri B, Zayed Y, Barbarawi M, Miran MS, Chahine A, Katato K, Bachuwa G. Aspirin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after hip or knee arthroplasty: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Orthop. 2019 Mar 21;16(4):294-302. doi: 10.1016/j.jor.2019.03.003. PMID: 30976143; PMCID: PMC6441678.
  • Rodríguez-Merchán, E. C., Encinas-Ullán, C. A., Ruiz-Pérez, J. S., & Gómez-Cardero, P. (2024). Complications of ankle arthroscopy: frequency, prevention, and treatment. EFORT Open Reviews, 9(1), 3-15. Retrieved Dec 2, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.1530/EOR-22-0144
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Last Reviewed:

December 16, 2024

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Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

What to expect after a total knee replacement

  • Wei B, Tang C, Li X, et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery protocols in total knee arthroplasty via midvastus approach: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):856. Published 2021 Oct 8. doi:10.1186/s12891-021-04731-6
  • Soffin EM, YaDeau JT. Enhanced recovery after surgery for primary hip and knee arthroplasty: a review of the evidence. Br J Anaesth. 2016;117(suppl 3):iii62-iii72. doi:10.1093/bja/aew362
  • Aggarwal A, Adie S, Harris IA, Naylor J. Cryotherapy following total knee replacement. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;(9):CD007911. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007911.pub3

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Last Reviewed:

March 19, 2024

|

Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence: