Educational Articles -
References
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Patellofemoral pain syndrome - What is it and how can I manage it?
- Barton CJ, Rathleff MS. ‘Managing My Patellofemoral Pain’: the creation of an education leaflet for patients. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2016;2: e000086. doi:10.1136/ bmjsem-2015-000086
- Kayll SA, et al. Do biomechanical foot-based interventions reduce patellofemoral joint loads in adults with and without patellofemoral pain or osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta-analysisBr J Sports Med 2023;57:872–881
- Lankhorst NE, et al. Factors that predict a poor outcome 5-8 years after the diagnosis of patellofemoral pain: a multicentre observational analysis. Br J Sports Med 2016;50:881–6.
- Mølgaard CM, et al. Foot exercises and foot orthoses are more effective than knee focused exercises in individuals with patellofemoral pain. J Sci Med Sport. 2018 Jan;21(1):10-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.019.
- Patellofemoral Pain: Using the Evidence to Guide Physical Therapist Practice. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019 49:9, 631-632
- Patellofemoral Pain: Treating Painful Kneecaps. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019 49:9, 633-633
- Rathleff MS, et al. Activity Modification and Load Management of Adolescents With Patellofemoral Pain: A Prospective Intervention Study Including 151 Adolescents. AJSM. 2019;47(7):1629-1637. doi:10.1177/0363546519843915
- Smith BE, et al. Incidence and prevalence of patellofemoral pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018 Jan 11;13(1):e0190892. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190892.
- Wallis JA, et al. A Systematic Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Physical Therapist Management of Patellofemoral Pain. Phys Ther. 2021 Mar 3;101(3):pzab021. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzab021.
- Willy RW, et al. Patellofemoral Pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019 Sep;49(9):CPG1-CPG95. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2019.0302.
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Last Reviewed:
August 29, 2023
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
