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Knee Osteoarthritis - What is it and tips for self-management

  • Bichsel D, et al. Cross-sectional Analysis of Recommendations for the Treatment of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis in Clinical Guidelines. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022 Mar;103(3):559-569.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.07.801.
  • Caneiro JP, et al. Process of change for people with knee osteoarthritis undergoing cognitive functional therapy: a replicated single-case experimental design study. Disabil Rehabil. 2023 Jun 14:1-17. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2221459.
  • Fernandes L, et al. European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR). EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological core management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jul;72(7):1125-35. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202745.
  • Fu K, et al. Osteoarthritis: the genesis of pain. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018 May;57(suppl_4):iv43-iv50. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex419.
  • Gijs F. Snijders and others, on behalf of the Nijmegen OsteoArthritis Collaboration (NOAC) study group. Fatigue in knee and hip osteoarthritis: the role of pain and physical function, Rheumatology. 2010 Oct:50(10):1894–1900. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ker201
  • Hurley M, et al. Exercise interventions and patient beliefs for people with hip, knee or hip and knee osteoarthritis: a mixed methods review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD010842. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010842.pub2.
  • Knee and hip osteoarthritis (in Finnish). Current Care Guidelines. Working group set up by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim and the Finnish Cardiac Society. Helsinki: The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, 2018. Available: https://www.kaypahoito.fi/hoi50054
  • KNGF guideline Osteoarthritis of the hip-knee Conservative, pre-operative and post-operative treatment, Practice guideline. Edited by: Kampshoff CS, et al. 2018 Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Fysiotherapie (KNGF) [Royal Dutch Society for Physical Therapy. Available: https://www.kngf.nl/binaries/content/assets/kennisplatform/onbeveiligd/guidelines/artrose-heup-knie-2018-prl-en-toelichting-eng_def.pdf
  • Osteoarthritis in people over 16: diagnosis and management (2022). [NICE Guideline NG226]. Available:  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng226
  • Physiotherapy clinical practice guideline for knee and hip osteoarthritis (in Finnish) [Polven ja lonkan nivelrikon fysioterapiasuositus, Hyvä fysioterapiakäytäntö]. Finnish Association of Physiotherapists working group: Kettunen J et al. 2020. Available: https://www.terveysportti.fi/dtk/sfs/avaa?p_artikkeli=sfs00001
  • Skou ST, Roos EM. Physical therapy for patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis: supervised, active treatment is current best practice. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019 Sep-Oct;37 Suppl 120(5):112-117.  Erratum in: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020 Sep-Oct;38(5):1036.
  • Whittaker JL, et al. Risk factors for knee osteoarthritis after traumatic knee injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies for the OPTIKNEE Consensus. Br J Sports Med. 2022 Dec;56(24):1406-1421. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105496. Epub 2022 Sep 2
  • WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128
  • Wood G, et al; Guideline Committee. Osteoarthritis in people over 16: diagnosis and management-updated summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2023 Jan 24;380:24. doi: 10.1136/bmj.p24.
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Last Reviewed:

August 24, 2023

|

Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Achilles tendinopathy - What is it and tips for self-management

References

  • Millar, NL et al.  Tendinopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 7, 1 (2021). doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-00234-1
  • de Vos RJ, et al. Dutch multidisciplinary guideline on Achilles tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2021 Oct;55(20):1125-1134. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103867.
  • Wong M, et al. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Achilles Tendon. [Updated 2022 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499917/
  • Yasui Y, et al. The Risk of Achilles Tendon Rupture in the Patients with Achilles Tendinopathy: Healthcare Database Analysis in the United States. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:7021862. doi: 10.1155/2017/7021862.
  • Malliaras P. Physiotherapy management of Achilles tendinopathy. J Physiother. 2022 Oct;68(4):221-237. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2022.09.010.
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Last Reviewed:

July 28, 2023

|

Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Hip osteoarthritis - What is it and tips for self-management

References: 

  • Bichsel D, et al. Cross-sectional Analysis of Recommendations for the Treatment of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis in Clinical Guidelines. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022 Mar;103(3):559-569.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.07.801.
  • Caneiro JP, et al. Process of change for people with knee osteoarthritis undergoing cognitive functional therapy: a replicated single-case experimental design study. Disabil Rehabil. 2023 Jun 14:1-17. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2221459.
  • Fernandes L, et al. European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR). EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological core management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jul;72(7):1125-35. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202745.
  • Fu K, et al. Osteoarthritis: the genesis of pain. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018 May;57(suppl_4):iv43-iv50. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex419.
  • Gijs F. Snijders and others, on behalf of the Nijmegen OsteoArthritis Collaboration (NOAC) study group. Fatigue in knee and hip osteoarthritis: the role of pain and physical function, Rheumatology. 2010 Oct:50(10):1894–1900. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ker201
  • Hurley M, et al. Exercise interventions and patient beliefs for people with hip, knee or hip and knee osteoarthritis: a mixed methods review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD010842. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010842.pub2.
  • Jacob L, et al. Association between sleep disorders and osteoarthritis: A case-control study of 351,932 adults in the UK. J Sleep Res. 2021 Dec;30(6):e13367. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13367.
  • Knee and hip osteoarthritis (in Finnish). Current Care Guidelines. Working group set up by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim and the Finnish Cardiac Society. Helsinki: The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, 2018. Available: https://www.kaypahoito.fi/hoi50054
  • KNGF guideline Osteoarthritis of the hip-knee Conservative, pre-operative and post-operative treatment, Practice guideline. Edited by: Kampshoff CS, et al. 2018 Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Fysiotherapie (KNGF) [Royal Dutch Society for Physical Therapy. Available: https://www.kngf.nl/binaries/content/assets/kennisplatform/onbeveiligd/guidelines/artrose-heup-knie-2018-prl-en-toelichting-eng_def.pdf
  • Osteoarthritis in people over 16: diagnosis and management (2022). [NICE Guideline NG226]. Available:  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng226
  • Physiotherapy clinical practice guideline for knee and hip osteoarthritis (in Finnish) [Polven ja lonkan nivelrikon fysioterapiasuositus, Hyvä fysioterapiakäytäntö] . Finnish Association of Physiotherapists working group: Kettunen J et al. 2020. Available: https://www.terveysportti.fi/dtk/sfs/avaa?p_artikkeli=sfs00001
  • Skou ST, Roos EM. Physical therapy for patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis: supervised, active treatment is current best practice. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019 Sep-Oct;37 Suppl 120(5):112-117.  Erratum in: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020 Sep-Oct;38(5):1036.
  • Wood G, et al; Guideline Committee. Osteoarthritis in people over 16: diagnosis and management-updated summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2023 Jan 24;380:24. doi: 10.1136/bmj.p24.
  • WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128

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Last Reviewed:

July 28, 2023

|

Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

IV

Falls prevention - Understanding and reducing the risks of falling

  • Montero-Odasso M, van der Velde N, Martin FC, et al. World guidelines for falls prevention and management for older adults: a global initiative [published correction appears in Age Ageing. 2023 Sep 1;52(9):] [published correction appears in Age Ageing. 2023 Oct 2;52(10):]. Age Ageing. 2022;51(9):afac205. doi:10.1093/ageing/afac205
  • Palvanen M, Kannus P, Piirtola M, Niemi S, Parkkari J, Järvinen M. Effectiveness of the Chaos Falls Clinic in preventing falls and injuries of home-dwelling older adults: a randomised controlled trial. Injury. 2014;45(1):265-271. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2013.03.010
  • Ambrose AF, Paul G, Hausdorff JM. Risk factors for falls among older adults: a review of the literature. Maturitas. 2013;75(1):51-61. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.02.009
  • MacKay S, Ebert P, Harbidge C, Hogan DB. Fear of Falling in Older Adults: A Scoping Review of Recent Literature. Can Geriatr J. 2021;24(4):379-394. Published 2021 Dec 1. doi:10.5770/cgj.24.521
  • Physiotherapy clinical practice guideline for falls prevention (in Finnish) [Kaatumisten ja kaatumisvammojen ehkäisyn fysioterapiasuositus., Hyvä fysioterapiakäytäntö] . Finnish Association of Physiotherapists working group: Havulinna S et al. 2017. Available: https://www.terveysportti.fi/apps/dtk/sfs/article/sfs00003?toc=900.
  • Sherrington C, Fairhall NJ, Wallbank GK, et al. Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;1(1):CD012424. Published 2019 Jan 31. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012424.pub2
  • World Health Organization. WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Accessed October 15, 2023. Available from: **https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240015128**.
  • Campani D, Caristia S, Amariglio A, et al. Home and environmental hazards modification for fall prevention among the elderly. Public Health Nurs. 2021;38(3):493-501. doi:10.1111/phn.12852
  • Menant JC, Steele JR, Menz HB, Munro BJ, Lord SR. Optimizing footwear for older people at risk of falls. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(8):1167-1181.
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Last Reviewed:

November 29, 2023

|

Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence: