Educational Articles -
References
Preoperative: Total knee replacement
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Joint replacement (primary): hip, knee and shoulder. NICE guideline [NG157]. Published June 4, 2020. Accessed [5th of Feb 2024]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng157
- Aggarwal A, Adie S, Harris IA, Naylor J. Cryotherapy following total knee replacement. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD007911. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007911.pub3.
- NHS. Preparing for a knee replacement. NHS. Published March 9, 2023. Accessed [15th of Jan 2024]. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/knee-replacement/preparation/
- NHS. Complications of a knee replacement. NHS. Published March 9, 2023. Accessed [15th of Jan 2024]. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/knee-replacement/complications/
- Wei B, Tang C, Li X, et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery protocols in total knee arthroplasty via midvastus approach: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):856. Published 2021 Oct 8. doi:10.1186/s12891-021-04731-6
- Soffin EM, YaDeau JT. Enhanced recovery after surgery for primary hip and knee arthroplasty: a review of the evidence. Br J Anaesth. 2016;117(suppl 3):iii62-iii72. doi:10.1093/bja/aew362
- Seward MW, Chen AF. Obesity, preoperative weight loss, and telemedicine before total joint arthroplasty: a review. Arthroplasty. 2022;4(1):2. doi:10.1186/s42836-021-00102-7
- Dowsey MM, Choong PF. Obesity is a major risk factor for prosthetic infection after primary hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(1):153-158. doi:10.1007/s11999-007-0016-3
- Liljensøe A, Laursen JO, Bliddal H, Søballe K, Mechlenburg I. Weight Loss Intervention Before Total Knee Replacement: A 12-Month Randomized Controlled Trial. Scand J Surg. 2021;110(1):3-12. doi:10.1177/1457496919883812
Last Reviewed:
March 19, 2024
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Calf strain
- Maffulli N, Del Buono A, Oliva F, Giai Via A, Frizziero A, Barazzuol M, Brancaccio P, Freschi M, Galletti S, Lisitano G, Melegati G, Nanni G, Pasta G, Ramponi C, Rizzo D, Testa V, Valent A. Muscle Injuries: A Brief Guide to Classification and Management. Transl Med UniSa. 2014 Sep 1;12:14-8. PMID: 26535183; PMCID: PMC4592039.
- Hsu D, Chang KV. Gastrocnemius Strain. [Updated 2023 Aug 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534766/
- Green B, Pizzari T. Calf muscle strain injuries in sport: a systematic review of risk factors for injury. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2017;51:1189-1194.
- Green, B., McClelland, J.A., Semciw, A.I. et al. The Assessment, Management and Prevention of Calf Muscle Strain Injuries: A Qualitative Study of the Practices and Perspectives of 20 Expert Sports Clinicians. Sports Med - Open8, 10 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-021-00364-0
Last Reviewed:
December 16, 2024
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Activity pacing
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain. Therapist Manual. Jennifer L. Murphy, Ph.D. & John D. McKellar, Ph.D. • Susan D. Raffa, Ph.D. • Michael E. Clark, Ph.D. Robert D. Kerns, Ph.D. • Bradley E. Karlin, Ph.D.
- Muratori LM, Lamberg EM, Quinn L, Duff SV. Applying principles of motor learning and control to upper extremity rehabilitation. J Hand Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun;26(2):94-102; quiz 103. doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2012.12.007. PMID: 23598082; PMCID: PMC3773509.
- Activity pacing: moving beyond taking breaks and slowing down Deborah Antcliff, Philip Keeley, Malcolm Campbell, Steve Woby, Anne‐Maree Keenan, Linda McGowan. Quality of Life Research (2018) 27:1933–1935 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1794-7
Last Reviewed:
December 19, 2024
|
Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Non-specific LBP (acute)
- Oliveira, C.B., Maher, C.G., Pinto, R.Z. et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: an updated overview. Eur Spine J27, 2791–2803 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5673-2R.
- Buchbinder, M. van Tulder, J. Öberg, G. Costa, and J. Woolf "Low back pain: A major global challenge" 2018.
- D. Oliveira, L. Maher, C. Pinto, R. Traeger, and J. Lin. "Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: An updated overview". 2018.
Last Reviewed:
July 16, 2024
|
Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
