Educational Articles -
References
Imaging and back pain
- Delitto A, George SZ, Van Dillen L, et al. "Clinical Practice Guidelines Linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health From the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association" 2012.
- Gilbert FJ, Grant AM, Gillan MG, et al. "Early Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Acute Low Back Pain: A Prospective Randomized Trial" 2004.
Last Reviewed:
July 16, 2024
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Anterior knee pain
- Cairns G, Owen T, Kluzek S, Thurley N, Holden S, Rathleff MS, Dean BJF. Therapeutic interventions in children and adolescents with patellar tendon related pain: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2018 Aug 13;4(1):e000383. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000383.
- C. Powers, E. Witvrouw, I. Davis, K. Crossley. Evidence-based framework for a pathomechanical model of patellofemoral pain: 2017 patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester, UK: part 3. British Journal of Sport
- Rathleff MS, Graven-Nielsen T, Hölmich P, et al. Activity Modification and Load Management of Adolescents With Patellofemoral Pain: A Prospective Intervention Study Including 151 Adolescents. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2019;47(7):1629-1637. doi:10.1177/0363546519843915
Last Reviewed:
July 16, 2024
|
Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Chronic heart failure
- Heindenreich PA et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145e895-e1032.
- Atherton JJ et al. National Heart Foundation of Australia and Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand: Guidelines for the prevention, detection and management of heart failure in Australia 2018. Heart, Lung and Circulation. 2018; 27, 1123-1208.
- Heart failure. Current Care Guidelines. Working group set up by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim and the Finnish Cardiac Society. Helsinki: The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, 2017.
Last Reviewed:
July 16, 2024
|
Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Concussion - Anxiety and mood
- Leddy JJ, Baker JG, Merchant A, Picano J, Gaile D, Matuszak J, et al. "Brain or strain? Symptoms alone do not distinguish physiologic concussion from cervical/vestibular injury." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2015;25(3):237–42.
- Zemek R, Barrowman N, Freedman SB, Gravel J, Gagnon I, McGahern C, et al. "Clinical risk score for persistent postconcussion symptoms among children with acute concussion in the ED." JAMA. 2016;315(10):1014–25.
- Mayo Clinic. "Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) - Symptoms and causes.", 2023.
Last Reviewed:
July 16, 2024
|
Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
