Educational Articles -
References
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Rotator cuff related shoulder pain
- Pribcevic M. The epidemiology of shoulder pain: narrative review of the literature. In: Ghosh S, ed. Pain in Perspective. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers; 2012.
- Lewis J. Rotator cuff related shoulder pain: assessment, management & uncertainties. Man Ther. 2016;23:57-58. doi:10.1016/j.math.2016.09.009.
- Pieters L, Lewis J, Kuppens K, et al. An update of systematic reviews examining the effectiveness of conservative physical therapy interventions for subacromial shoulder pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2020;50(3):131-141. doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.8498.
- Powell A, Lewis J, Heerey J, et al. “Restoring that faith in my shoulder”: a qualitative investigation of how and why exercise therapy influenced the clinical outcomes of individuals with rotator cuff-related shoulder pain. Phys Ther Rehabil J. 2023;10(1):1-12. doi:10.7243/2055-2386-10-1.
- Cuff A, Littlewood C. Subacromial impingement syndrome - What does this mean to and for the patient? A qualitative study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2018;33:24-28. doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2017.11.002.
- Frost P, Andersen JH, Lundorf E. Is supraspinatus pathology as defined by magnetic resonance imaging associated with clinical sign of shoulder impingement? J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1999;8(6):565-568. doi:10.1016/s1058-2746(99)90090-1.
- Teunis T, Lubberts B, Reilly BT, et al. A systematic review and pooled analysis of the prevalence of rotator cuff disease with increasing age. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014;23(12):1913-1921. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2014.08.001.
- Deville WL, van der Windt DA, Dzaferagic A, et al. A patient decision aid to facilitate shared decision-making for patients with shoulder pain associated with a non-traumatic rotator cuff tear. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2019(12):CD013219. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013219.
- Hopewell S, Healey EL, Copsey BJ, et al. Progressive exercise compared with best practice advice, with or without corticosteroid injection, for the treatment of patients with rotator cuff disorders (GRASP): a multicentre, pragmatic, 2*2 factorial, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;398:416-428. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00523-0.
- Dominguez-Romero S, Fernandez-Lopez JC, Martin-Urrialde JA, et al. Exercise-based muscle development programmes and their effectiveness in the functional recovery of rotator cuff tendinopathy: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;16(11):529. doi:10.3390/ijerph16110529.
- Tangrood S, Lewis J, Heerey J, et al. Clinical course of pain and function in subacromial shoulder pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Phys Ther Rev. 2023. doi:10.1080/10833196.2023.2192620.
- McCreesh KM, Anjum S, Crotty JM, et al. Increased supraspinatus tendon thickness following fatigue loading in rotator cuff tendinopathy: potential implications for exercise therapy. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2017;3(1):e000200. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000200.
- Burne JA, Fearon AM, Twin J, et al. Is there an association between metabolic syndrome and rotator cuff-related shoulder pain? A systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019;5(1):e000478. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000478.
- Kashanchi N, Lee J, Makhni EC, et al. Level of obesity is directly associated with complications following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30:1581-1587. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2020.11.029.
- Lango T, Kukkonen J, Lehtinen J, et al. Conservative versus surgical management for patients with rotator cuff tears: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):55. doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03877-9.
- Peterson G, Pihlstrom H. Factors associated with neck and shoulder pain: a cross-sectional study among 16,000 adults in five county councils in Sweden. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03876-w.
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Last Reviewed:
November 15, 2023
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Type 2 diabetes - Prevention of type 2 diabetes
- Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, et al. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6275. Published 2020 Aug 30. doi:10.3390/ijms21176275
- Solis-Herrera C, Triplitt C, Reasner C, DeFronzo RA, Cersosimo E. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., eds. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; February 24, 2018.
- Type 2 diabetes. Current Care Guidelines. Working group set up by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim and the Finnish Cardiac Society. Helsinki: The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, 2022 (referred October 14, 2023). Available online at: www.kaypahoito.fi
- ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S19-S40. doi:10.2337/dc23-S002.
- Uusitupa M, Khan TA, Viguiliouk E, et al. Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes by Lifestyle Changes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2611. Published 2019 Nov 1. doi:10.3390/nu11112611
- World Health Organization. WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Accessed October 15, 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240015128.
- Kelly SJ, Ismail M. Stress and type 2 diabetes: a review of how stress contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. Annu Rev Public Health. 2015;36:441-462. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122921
- Schipper SBJ, Van Veen MM, Elders PJM, et al. Sleep disorders in people with type 2 diabetes and associated health outcomes: a review of the literature. Diabetologia. 2021;64(11):2367-2377. doi:10.1007/s00125-021-05541-0
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Last Reviewed:
November 15, 2023
|
Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Understanding diabetes - Type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes
- Solis-Herrera C, Triplitt C, Reasner C, DeFronzo RA, Cersosimo E. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., eds. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; February 24, 2018.
- Type 2 diabetes. Current Care Guidelines. Working group set up by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim and the Finnish Cardiac Society. Helsinki: The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, 2022 (referred October 15, 2023). Available online at: www.kaypahoito.fi
- Nakhleh A, Shehadeh N. Hypoglycemia in diabetes: An update on pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention. World J Diabetes. 2021;12(12):2036-2049. doi:10.4239/wjd.v12.i12.2036
- Type 1 diabetes. Current Care Guidelines. Working group set up by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim and the Finnish Cardiac Society. Helsinki: The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, 2022 (referred October 15, 2023). Available online at: www.kaypahoito.fi
- Uusitupa M, Khan TA, Viguiliouk E, et al. Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes by Lifestyle Changes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2611. Published 2019 Nov 1. doi:10.3390/nu11112611
- Kelly SJ, Ismail M. Stress and type 2 diabetes: a review of how stress contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. Annu Rev Public Health. 2015;36:441-462. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122921
- Schipper SBJ, Van Veen MM, Elders PJM, et al. Sleep disorders in people with type 2 diabetes and associated health outcomes: a review of the literature. Diabetologia. 2021;64(11):2367-2377. doi:10.1007/s00125-021-05541-0
- Gestational diabetes. Current Care Guidelines. Working group set up by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim and the Finnish Cardiac Society. Helsinki: The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, 2022 (referred October 15, 2023). Available online at: www.kaypahoito.fi
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Last Reviewed:
November 15, 2023
|
Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Knee Osteoarthritis - What is it and tips for self-management
- Bichsel D, et al. Cross-sectional Analysis of Recommendations for the Treatment of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis in Clinical Guidelines. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022 Mar;103(3):559-569.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.07.801.
- Caneiro JP, et al. Process of change for people with knee osteoarthritis undergoing cognitive functional therapy: a replicated single-case experimental design study. Disabil Rehabil. 2023 Jun 14:1-17. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2221459.
- Fernandes L, et al. European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR). EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological core management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jul;72(7):1125-35. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202745.
- Fu K, et al. Osteoarthritis: the genesis of pain. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018 May;57(suppl_4):iv43-iv50. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex419.
- Gijs F. Snijders and others, on behalf of the Nijmegen OsteoArthritis Collaboration (NOAC) study group. Fatigue in knee and hip osteoarthritis: the role of pain and physical function, Rheumatology. 2010 Oct:50(10):1894–1900. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ker201
- Hurley M, et al. Exercise interventions and patient beliefs for people with hip, knee or hip and knee osteoarthritis: a mixed methods review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD010842. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010842.pub2.
- Knee and hip osteoarthritis (in Finnish). Current Care Guidelines. Working group set up by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim and the Finnish Cardiac Society. Helsinki: The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, 2018. Available: https://www.kaypahoito.fi/hoi50054
- KNGF guideline Osteoarthritis of the hip-knee Conservative, pre-operative and post-operative treatment, Practice guideline. Edited by: Kampshoff CS, et al. 2018 Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Fysiotherapie (KNGF) [Royal Dutch Society for Physical Therapy. Available: https://www.kngf.nl/binaries/content/assets/kennisplatform/onbeveiligd/guidelines/artrose-heup-knie-2018-prl-en-toelichting-eng_def.pdf
- Osteoarthritis in people over 16: diagnosis and management (2022). [NICE Guideline NG226]. Available: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng226
- Physiotherapy clinical practice guideline for knee and hip osteoarthritis (in Finnish) [Polven ja lonkan nivelrikon fysioterapiasuositus, Hyvä fysioterapiakäytäntö]. Finnish Association of Physiotherapists working group: Kettunen J et al. 2020. Available: https://www.terveysportti.fi/dtk/sfs/avaa?p_artikkeli=sfs00001
- Skou ST, Roos EM. Physical therapy for patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis: supervised, active treatment is current best practice. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019 Sep-Oct;37 Suppl 120(5):112-117. Erratum in: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020 Sep-Oct;38(5):1036.
- Whittaker JL, et al. Risk factors for knee osteoarthritis after traumatic knee injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies for the OPTIKNEE Consensus. Br J Sports Med. 2022 Dec;56(24):1406-1421. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105496. Epub 2022 Sep 2
- WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128
- Wood G, et al; Guideline Committee. Osteoarthritis in people over 16: diagnosis and management-updated summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2023 Jan 24;380:24. doi: 10.1136/bmj.p24.
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Last Reviewed:
August 24, 2023
|
Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
