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ACJ injury

  • Lindborg, C.M.; Smith, R.D.; Reihl, A.M.; Bacevich, B.M.; Cote, M.; O’Donnell, E.; Mazzocca, A.D.; Hutchinson, I. Current Concepts in Management of Acromioclavicular Joint Injury. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ jcm13051413
  • LeVasseur MR, Mancini MR, Berthold DP, Cusano A, McCann GP, Cote MP, Gomlinski G, Mazzocca AD. Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries: Effective Rehabilitation. Open Access J Sports Med. 2021 May 28;12:73-85. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S244283. PMID: 34093044; PMCID: PMC8169819.
  • de Groot C, Verstift DE, Heisen J, van Deurzen DFP, van den Bekerom MPJ. Management of Acromioclavicular Injuries - Current Concepts. Orthop Res Rev. 2023 Feb 16;15:1-12. doi: 10.2147/ORR.S340531. PMID: 36814992; PMCID: PMC9940602.
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Last Reviewed:

December 19, 2024

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Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Everything you need to know about Quadriplegia

  • Adigun OO, Reddy V, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Back, Spinal Cord (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537004/). [Updated 2021 Aug 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Accessed 8/10/2022.
  • Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Models and Acute Injury Mechanisms (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439316/). Front Neurol. 2019 Mar 22;10:282. Accessed 8/10/2022.
  • Bennett J, M Das J, Emmady PD. Spinal Cord Injuries (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560721/). [Updated 2022 May 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Accessed 8/10/2022.
  • Concannon LG, Bhatti OM, Fry AL, Harrast MA. Emergency Assessment and Care of the Athlete. In: Mitra R, eds. Principles of Rehabilitation Medicine. McGraw Hill; 2019.
  • Developmental Diseases of the Nervous System. In: Ropper AH, Samuels MA, Klein JP, Prasad S, eds. Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology, 11e. McGraw Hill; 2019.
  • Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, Respiration, and Swallowing. In: Ropper AH, Samuels MA, Klein JP, Prasad S, eds. Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology, 11e. McGraw Hill; 2019.
  • Douglas VC, Aminoff MJ. Spinal Trauma. In: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW, McQuaid KR, eds. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2022. McGraw Hill; 2022.
  • Khan YS, Lui F. Neuroanatomy, Spinal Cord (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559056/). [Updated 2021 Jul 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Accessed 8/10/2022.
  • National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, Facts and Figures at a Glance. Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2021.
  • Oropello JM, Mistry N, Ullman JS. Spinal Injuries. In: Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Kress JP, eds. Principles of Critical Care, 4e. McGraw Hill; 2014.
  • Ellis M. 10 Tips for Coping with a Spinal Cord Injury. Spinal Cord Injury & Brain Injuries Resources & Legal Help. Accessed May 11, 2020.
  • Quadriparesis. Healthline. Accessed May 11, 2020.
  • Spinal cord injury. Mayo Clinic. Learn More Published September 17, 2019. Accessed May 11, 2020.
  • Spinal Cord Injury. AANS. Accessed May 11, 2020.

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Last Reviewed:

October 21, 2024

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Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Anterior knee pain

  • Cairns G, Owen T, Kluzek S, Thurley N, Holden S, Rathleff MS, Dean BJF. Therapeutic interventions in children and adolescents with patellar tendon related pain: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2018 Aug 13;4(1):e000383. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000383.
  • C. Powers, E. Witvrouw, I. Davis, K. Crossley. Evidence-based framework for a pathomechanical model of patellofemoral pain: 2017 patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester, UK: part 3. British Journal of Sport
  • Rathleff MS, Graven-Nielsen T, Hölmich P, et al. Activity Modification and Load Management of Adolescents With Patellofemoral Pain: A Prospective Intervention Study Including 151 Adolescents. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2019;47(7):1629-1637. doi:10.1177/0363546519843915
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Last Reviewed:

July 16, 2024

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Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

5 tips before your total knee replacement operation

  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Joint replacement (primary): hip, knee and shoulder. NICE guideline [NG157]. Published June 4, 2020. Accessed [5th of Feb 2024]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng157
  • Aggarwal A, Adie S, Harris IA, Naylor J. Cryotherapy following total knee replacement. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD007911. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007911.pub3.
  • NHS. Preparing for a knee replacement. NHS. Published March 9, 2023. Accessed [15th of Jan 2024]. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/knee-replacement/preparation/
  • NHS. Complications of a knee replacement. NHS. Published March 9, 2023. Accessed [15th of Jan 2024]. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/knee-replacement/complications/
  • Wei B, Tang C, Li X, et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery protocols in total knee arthroplasty via midvastus approach: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):856. Published 2021 Oct 8. doi:10.1186/s12891-021-04731-6
  • Soffin EM, YaDeau JT. Enhanced recovery after surgery for primary hip and knee arthroplasty: a review of the evidence. Br J Anaesth. 2016;117(suppl 3):iii62-iii72. doi:10.1093/bja/aew362
  • Seward MW, Chen AF. Obesity, preoperative weight loss, and telemedicine before total joint arthroplasty: a review. Arthroplasty. 2022;4(1):2. doi:10.1186/s42836-021-00102-7
  • Dowsey MM, Choong PF. Obesity is a major risk factor for prosthetic infection after primary hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(1):153-158. doi:10.1007/s11999-007-0016-3
  • Liljensøe A, Laursen JO, Bliddal H, Søballe K, Mechlenburg I. Weight Loss Intervention Before Total Knee Replacement: A 12-Month Randomized Controlled Trial. Scand J Surg. 2021;110(1):3-12. doi:10.1177/1457496919883812
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Last Reviewed:

March 13, 2024

|

Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence: