Educational Articles -
References
Executing and maintaining your exercise plan
- K.R. Martin, K. Tindel, R. Lackland, and J. Glover. "Behavioral strategies to promote physical activity" 2020.
- A. Lindsay Smith, M. Banting, K. Eime, S. O’Sullivan, and J. van Uffelen. "Social support and physical activity among older adults: a systematic review" 2017.
- E. McAuley, M. Mullen, J. Kramer, E. Wojcicki, and R. White. "Maintaining physical activity post-intervention: follow-up of a behavioral intervention to promote physical activity in older adults" 2019.
Last Reviewed:
July 16, 2024
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
What to expect after a total hip replacement
- Wei B, Tang C, Li X, et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery protocols in total knee arthroplasty via midvastus approach: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):856. Published 2021 Oct 8. doi:10.1186/s12891-021-04731-6
- Soffin EM, YaDeau JT. Enhanced recovery after surgery for primary hip and knee arthroplasty: a review of the evidence. Br J Anaesth. 2016;117(suppl 3):iii62-iii72. doi:10.1093/bja/aew362
- Aggarwal A, Adie S, Harris IA, Naylor J. Cryotherapy following total knee replacement. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;(9):CD007911. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007911.pub3
- Machin JT, et al. An Analysis of a National Administrative Dataset Demonstrating No Evidence of Increase in Elective Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty Dislocation Rates When Postoperative Hip Precautions are Not Used. J Arthroplasty. 2022;37(12):2365-2373. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2022.05.040.
Last Reviewed:
March 19, 2024
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Shoulder osteoarthritis
- Larsen, J.B., Østergaard, H.K., Thillemann, T.M. et al. Are progressive shoulder exercises feasible in patients with glenohumeral osteoarthritis or rotator cuff tear arthropathy?. Pilot Feasibility Stud 8, 168 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-022-01127-8
- Killian, M.L., Cavinatto, L., Galatz, L.M. et al. Recent advances in shoulder research . Arthritis Res Ther 14, 214 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3846
- Ansok CB, Muh SJ. Optimal management of glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Orthop Res Rev. 2018 Feb 23;10:9-18. doi: 10.2147/ORR.S134732. PMID: 30774456; PMCID: PMC6209346.
- Chillemi C, Franceschini V. Shoulder osteoarthritis. Arthritis. 2013;2013:370231. doi: 10.1155/2013/370231. Epub 2013 Jan 10. PMID: 23365745; PMCID: PMC3556427.
Last Reviewed:
December 19, 2024
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Pressure ulcer prevention
- Moore ZEH, van Etten MT, Dumville JC.Bed rest for pressure ulcer healing in wheelchair users.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD011999.DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011999.pub2.
- Skin Care & Pressure Sores Part 2: Preventing Pressure Sores. Northwest Regional Spinal Cord Injury System Department of Rehabilitation Medicine University of Washington.
- Sprigle S, Sonenblum SE, Feng C (2019) Pressure redistributing in-seat movement activities by persons with spinal cord injury over multiple epochs. PLoS ONE 14(2): e0210978. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210978
Last Reviewed:
January 14, 2025
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
