Educational Articles -
References
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Type 2 diabetes - Prevention of type 2 diabetes
- Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, et al. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6275. Published 2020 Aug 30. doi:10.3390/ijms21176275
- Solis-Herrera C, Triplitt C, Reasner C, DeFronzo RA, Cersosimo E. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., eds. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; February 24, 2018.
- Type 2 diabetes. Current Care Guidelines. Working group set up by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim and the Finnish Cardiac Society. Helsinki: The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, 2022 (referred October 14, 2023). Available online at: www.kaypahoito.fi
- ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S19-S40. doi:10.2337/dc23-S002.
- Uusitupa M, Khan TA, Viguiliouk E, et al. Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes by Lifestyle Changes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2611. Published 2019 Nov 1. doi:10.3390/nu11112611
- World Health Organization. WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Accessed October 15, 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240015128.
- Kelly SJ, Ismail M. Stress and type 2 diabetes: a review of how stress contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. Annu Rev Public Health. 2015;36:441-462. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122921
- Schipper SBJ, Van Veen MM, Elders PJM, et al. Sleep disorders in people with type 2 diabetes and associated health outcomes: a review of the literature. Diabetologia. 2021;64(11):2367-2377. doi:10.1007/s00125-021-05541-0
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Last Reviewed:
November 15, 2023
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Talk Test - How to use the Talk Test to estimate exercise intensity?
- Garber CE et al (2011) Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 43(7):1334-1359. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb.
- Borg GAV (1982) Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 14(5):377-381.
- Reed JL and Pipe AL (2014) The talk test: a useful tool for prescribing and monitoring exercise intensity. Curr Opin Cardiol. 29(5):475-480. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000097
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Last Reviewed:
January 4, 2023
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Sternal precautions - Things to know after median sternotomy
- Cahalin L, Lapier TK, Shaw DK. Sternal precautions: Is it time for change? Precautions versus restrictions – a review of literature and recommendations for revision. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J. 2011;22:5–15.
- El-Ansary D, LaPier TK, Adams J, et al. An evidence-based perspective on movement and activity following median sternotomy. Phys Ther. 2019;99:1587–1601.
- Adams J, Pullum G, Stafford P, Hanners N, Hartman J, Strauss D, Hubbard M, Lawrence A, Anderson V, McCullough T. Challenging traditional activity limits after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a simulated lawn-mowing activity. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2008;28(2):118–121.
- Parker R, Adams JL, Ogola G, McBrayer D, Hubbard JM, McCullough TL, Hartman JM, Cleveland T. Current activity guidelines for CABG patients are too restrictive: comparison of the forces exerted on the median sternotomy during a cough vs. lifting activities combined with Valsalva maneuver. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008;56(4):190–194.
- Adams J, Schmid J, Parker RD, Coast JR, Cheng D, Killian AD, McCray S, Strauss D, McLeroy Dejong S, Berbarie R. Comparison of force exerted on the sternum during a sneeze versus during low-, moderate-, and high-intensity bench press resistance exercise with and without the Valsalva maneuver in healthy volunteers. Am J Cardiol 2014;113(6):1045–1048.
- Brocki BC, Thorup CB, Andreasen JJ. Precautions related to midline sternotomy in cardiac surgery: a review of mechanical stress factors leading to sternal complications. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2010;9:77–84.
- Adams J, Lotshaw A, Exum E et al. An alternative approach to prescribing sternal precaution after median sternotomy, “Keep Your Move in the Tube.” Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2016;29(1):97-100.
- WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
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Last Reviewed:
March 31, 2023
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
Implantable cardiac devices
- Ahn J, et al. Role of early short-term cardiac rehabilitation in patients undergoing pacemaker implantation. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2021 Dec 22;22(4):1603-1610. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2204166.
- St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney (2014) How to care for yourself after getting a pacemaker or defibrillator. https://www.svhhearthealth.com.au/procedures/procedures-treatments/pacemaker
- Glikson M, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 14;42(35):3427-3520. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab364.
- Heidbuchel H, et al; EAPC/EHRA update of the Recommendations for participation in leisure-time physical activity and competitive sports in patients with arrhythmias and potentially arrhythmogenic conditions. Part 2: ventricular arrhythmias, channelopathies, and implantable defibrillators. Europace. 2021 Jan 27;23(1):147-148. doi: 10.1093/europace/euaa106.
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Last Reviewed:
February 3, 2023
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Last Updated:
September 19, 2025
Level
Type of evidence
I
Large RCTs with clear cut results
II
Small RCTs with unclear results
III
Cohort and case-control studies
IV
Historical cohort or case-control studies
V
Case series, studies with no controls
Level of Evidence:
