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References

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What to expect after a total knee replacement

  • Wei B, Tang C, Li X, et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery protocols in total knee arthroplasty via midvastus approach: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):856. Published 2021 Oct 8. doi:10.1186/s12891-021-04731-6
  • Soffin EM, YaDeau JT. Enhanced recovery after surgery for primary hip and knee arthroplasty: a review of the evidence. Br J Anaesth. 2016;117(suppl 3):iii62-iii72. doi:10.1093/bja/aew362
  • Aggarwal A, Adie S, Harris IA, Naylor J. Cryotherapy following total knee replacement. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;(9):CD007911. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007911.pub3

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Last Reviewed:

March 19, 2024

|

Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Lateral ankle sprain

  • Bleakley CM, Glasgow P, MacAuley DC. PRICE needs updating, should we call the POLICE?. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(4):220-221. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090297
  • Doherty C, Bleakley C, Delahunt E, Holden S. Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(2):113-125. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096178
  • Ruiz-Sánchez FJ, Ruiz-Muñoz M, Martín-Martín J, et al. Management and treatment of ankle sprain according to clinical practice guidelines: A PRISMA systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(42):e31087. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000031087
  • Vuurberg G, Hoorntje A, Wink LM, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ankle sprains: update of an evidence-based clinical guideline. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(15):956. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098106
  • KNGF – Guideline. Acute ankle sprain – Practice guidelines. Supplement to the Dutch Journal of Physical Therapy KNGF-Guideline for Physical Therapy in patients with acute ankle sprain. Volume 116 / Issue 5 / 2006. Available: https://www.kngf.nl/binaries/content/assets/kennisplatform/onbeveiligd/guidelines/acute_ankle_sprain_practice_guidelines_2006.pdf
  • D'Hooghe P, Cruz F, Alkhelaifi K. Return to Play After a Lateral Ligament Ankle Sprain. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2020;13(3):281-288. doi:10.1007/s12178-020-09631-1
  • Stiell IG, Greenberg GH, McKnight RD, et al. Decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Refinement and prospective validation. JAMA. 1993;269(9):1127-1132. doi:10.1001/jama.269.9.1127
  • Bellows R, Wong CK. The Effect Of Bracing And Balance Training On Ankle Sprain Incidence Among Athletes: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2018;13(3):379-388.
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Last Reviewed:

January 11, 2024

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Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Preoperative: Total shoulder replacement

  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Joint replacement (primary): hip, knee and shoulder. NICE guideline [NG157]. Published June 4, 2020. Accessed [5th of Feb 2024]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng157
  • Eichinger JK, Galvin JW. Management of complications after total shoulder arthroplasty. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2015;8(1):83-91. doi:10.1007/s12178-014-9251-x
  • Fenske, F., Kujat, B., Krause, L. et al. Preoperative dental screening can reduce periprosthetic infections of hip and knee endoprostheses in the first month after surgery: results of a cohort study. Infection (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-023-02128-2
  • Lewis T, Garg S. Shoulder Replacement. James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; February 2021. Accessed [5th of Feb 2024]. https://www.jpaget.nhs.uk/media/552943/Shoulder-Replacement.pdf
  • Coxa Hospital. Patient Guide: Shoulder Arthroplasty. Published November 20, 2018. Accessed [5th  of Feb 2024]. [https://www.coxa.fi/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Coxa_Olkapääopas-20-11-2018_SUOMI.pdf]
  • American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons/ American Dental Association Prevention of Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Patients Undergoing Dental Procedures Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline.  https://www.aaos.org/dentalcpg   Published December 12, 2012. Accessed March 07, 2024
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Last Reviewed:

March 19, 2024

|

Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Patient’s guide to edema

  • Patel H, Skok C, DeMarco A. Peripheral Edema: Evaluation and Management in Primary Care. Am Fam Physician. 2022 Nov;106(5):557-564. PMID: 36379502.
  • Ely JW, Osheroff JA, Chambliss ML, Ebell MH. Approach to leg edema of unclear etiology. J Am Board Fam Med. 2006 Mar-Apr;19(2):148-60. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.19.2.148. Erratum in: J Am Board Fam Med. 2008 Jan-Feb;21(1):86. PMID: 16513903.
  • Virginia E. Parks, DPM, Joseph Park, DPM,  John s. Steinberg, DPM. Evidence-Based Edema Reduction for the Treatment of Wounds. OCTOBER 2018 | PODIATRY MANAGEMENT
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Last Reviewed:

December 4, 2024

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Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence: