Educational Articles -
References

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Mindfulness - The tree pillars of integrated awareness practices

  • Siegel Daniel J. Aware. Research and The Science and Practice of Presence. 2018 Mind Your Brain, Inc., New York
  • Siegel Daniel J. ItraConnected: MWe (Me+We) as the Integration of Self, Identity and Belonging (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology). 2022 W.W. Norton, New York
  • Price CJ, Weng HY. Facilitating Adaptive Emotion Processing and Somatic Reappraisal via Sustained Mindful Interoceptive Attention. Front Psychol. 2021 Sep 8;12:578827. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.578827.
  • Davidson RJ, Kabat-Zinn J, Schumacher J, Rosenkranz M, Muller D, Santorelli SF, Urbanowski F, Harrington A, Bonus K, Sheridan JF. Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosom Med. 2003 Jul-Aug;65(4):564-70. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000077505.67574.e3.
  • Fredrickson BL, Grewen KM, Coffey KA, Algoe SB, Firestine AM, Arevalo JM, Ma J, Cole SW. A functional genomic perspective on human well-being. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Aug 13;110(33):13684-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1305419110.
  • Gibson J. Mindfulness, Interoception, and the Body: A Contemporary Perspective. Front Psychol. 2019 Sep 13;10:2012. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02012.
  • Weng HY, Feldman JL, Leggio L, Napadow V, Park J, Price CJ. Interventions and Manipulations of Interoception. Trends Neurosci. 2021 Jan;44(1):52-62. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.010.
  • Ansari A, Pillarisetty LS. Embryology, Ectoderm. 2023 May 1. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 30969658. Accessed: June 5th 2023 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30969658/]
  • Nathalie Delay. La Voie du Réel: Yoga tantrique - Retour à Soi. Éditions Synchronique, Paris, France 2022
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Last Reviewed:

August 30, 2023

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Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Hip osteoarthritis - What is it and tips for self-management

References: 

  • Bichsel D, et al. Cross-sectional Analysis of Recommendations for the Treatment of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis in Clinical Guidelines. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022 Mar;103(3):559-569.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.07.801.
  • Caneiro JP, et al. Process of change for people with knee osteoarthritis undergoing cognitive functional therapy: a replicated single-case experimental design study. Disabil Rehabil. 2023 Jun 14:1-17. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2221459.
  • Fernandes L, et al. European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR). EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological core management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jul;72(7):1125-35. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202745.
  • Fu K, et al. Osteoarthritis: the genesis of pain. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018 May;57(suppl_4):iv43-iv50. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex419.
  • Gijs F. Snijders and others, on behalf of the Nijmegen OsteoArthritis Collaboration (NOAC) study group. Fatigue in knee and hip osteoarthritis: the role of pain and physical function, Rheumatology. 2010 Oct:50(10):1894–1900. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ker201
  • Hurley M, et al. Exercise interventions and patient beliefs for people with hip, knee or hip and knee osteoarthritis: a mixed methods review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD010842. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010842.pub2.
  • Jacob L, et al. Association between sleep disorders and osteoarthritis: A case-control study of 351,932 adults in the UK. J Sleep Res. 2021 Dec;30(6):e13367. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13367.
  • Knee and hip osteoarthritis (in Finnish). Current Care Guidelines. Working group set up by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim and the Finnish Cardiac Society. Helsinki: The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, 2018. Available: https://www.kaypahoito.fi/hoi50054
  • KNGF guideline Osteoarthritis of the hip-knee Conservative, pre-operative and post-operative treatment, Practice guideline. Edited by: Kampshoff CS, et al. 2018 Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Fysiotherapie (KNGF) [Royal Dutch Society for Physical Therapy. Available: https://www.kngf.nl/binaries/content/assets/kennisplatform/onbeveiligd/guidelines/artrose-heup-knie-2018-prl-en-toelichting-eng_def.pdf
  • Osteoarthritis in people over 16: diagnosis and management (2022). [NICE Guideline NG226]. Available:  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng226
  • Physiotherapy clinical practice guideline for knee and hip osteoarthritis (in Finnish) [Polven ja lonkan nivelrikon fysioterapiasuositus, Hyvä fysioterapiakäytäntö] . Finnish Association of Physiotherapists working group: Kettunen J et al. 2020. Available: https://www.terveysportti.fi/dtk/sfs/avaa?p_artikkeli=sfs00001
  • Skou ST, Roos EM. Physical therapy for patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis: supervised, active treatment is current best practice. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019 Sep-Oct;37 Suppl 120(5):112-117.  Erratum in: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020 Sep-Oct;38(5):1036.
  • Wood G, et al; Guideline Committee. Osteoarthritis in people over 16: diagnosis and management-updated summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2023 Jan 24;380:24. doi: 10.1136/bmj.p24.
  • WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128

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Last Reviewed:

July 28, 2023

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Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

IV

Achilles tendinopathy - What is it and tips for self-management

References

  • Millar, NL et al.  Tendinopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 7, 1 (2021). doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-00234-1
  • de Vos RJ, et al. Dutch multidisciplinary guideline on Achilles tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2021 Oct;55(20):1125-1134. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103867.
  • Wong M, et al. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Achilles Tendon. [Updated 2022 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499917/
  • Yasui Y, et al. The Risk of Achilles Tendon Rupture in the Patients with Achilles Tendinopathy: Healthcare Database Analysis in the United States. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:7021862. doi: 10.1155/2017/7021862.
  • Malliaras P. Physiotherapy management of Achilles tendinopathy. J Physiother. 2022 Oct;68(4):221-237. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2022.09.010.
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Last Reviewed:

July 28, 2023

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Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence:

Patellofemoral pain syndrome - What is it and how can I manage it?

  • Barton CJ, Rathleff MS. ‘Managing My Patellofemoral Pain’: the creation of an education leaflet for patients. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2016;2: e000086. doi:10.1136/ bmjsem-2015-000086
  • Kayll SA, et al. Do biomechanical foot-based interventions reduce patellofemoral joint loads in adults with and without patellofemoral pain or osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta-analysisBr J Sports Med 2023;57:872–881
  • Lankhorst NE, et al. Factors that predict a poor outcome 5-8 years after the diagnosis of patellofemoral pain: a multicentre observational analysis. Br J Sports Med 2016;50:881–6.
  • Mølgaard CM, et al. Foot exercises and foot orthoses are more effective than knee focused exercises in individuals with patellofemoral pain. J Sci Med Sport. 2018 Jan;21(1):10-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.019.
  • Patellofemoral Pain: Using the Evidence to Guide Physical Therapist Practice. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019 49:9, 631-632
  • Patellofemoral Pain: Treating Painful Kneecaps. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019 49:9, 633-633
  • Rathleff MS, et al. Activity Modification and Load Management of Adolescents With Patellofemoral Pain: A Prospective Intervention Study Including 151 Adolescents. AJSM. 2019;47(7):1629-1637. doi:10.1177/0363546519843915
  • Smith BE, et al. Incidence and prevalence of patellofemoral pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018 Jan 11;13(1):e0190892. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190892.
  • Wallis JA, et al. A Systematic Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Physical Therapist Management of Patellofemoral Pain. Phys Ther. 2021 Mar 3;101(3):pzab021. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzab021.
  • Willy RW, et al. Patellofemoral Pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019 Sep;49(9):CPG1-CPG95. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2019.0302.
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Last Reviewed:

August 29, 2023

|

Last Updated:

September 19, 2025

Level

Type of evidence

I

Large RCTs with clear cut results

II

Small RCTs with unclear results

III

Cohort and case-control studies

IV

Historical cohort or case-control studies

V

Case series, studies with no controls

Level of Evidence: